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Human Anatomy and Physiology - Nervous and Endocrine Systems MCQs 2026

50 questions with detailed answers · 20 from past papers · 5 quiz batches available

📚 Biology Mcqs 📄 20 Past-Paper Qs ✓ Free · No Login Needed
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Read each question, think about the answer, then click Show Answer to reveal the correct option and explanation. Load 10 at a time so it stays manageable — perfect for one-topic study sessions on the bus or during a break.

Page 1 of 1 Questions 1–10 of 50
  1. Q1 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS easy

    The basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the

    1. A Neuron
    2. B Nephron
    3. C Neuroglia
    4. D Axon
    💡 Explanation:

    Neurons are specialized cells that generate and transmit electrical nerve impulses.

  2. Q2 easy

    The junction where a nerve impulse passes from one neuron to another is called a

    1. A Node of Ranvier
    2. B Synapse
    3. C Dendrite
    4. D Axon hillock
    💡 Explanation:

    At a synapse, neurotransmitters are released to carry the signal across the tiny gap to the next neuron.

  3. Q3 medium

    The neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction to trigger muscle contraction is

    1. A Dopamine
    2. B Acetylcholine
    3. C Serotonin
    4. D GABA
    💡 Explanation:

    Acetylcholine binds receptors on muscle fibers, initiating contraction.

  4. Q4 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS easy

    The part of the brain mainly responsible for balance and muscular coordination is the

    1. A Cerebrum
    2. B Medulla oblongata
    3. C Cerebellum
    4. D Hypothalamus
    💡 Explanation:

    The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements, posture, and balance.

  5. Q5 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS easy

    The largest and most developed part of the human brain is the

    1. A Cerebellum
    2. B Brainstem
    3. C Cerebrum
    4. D Thalamus
    💡 Explanation:

    The cerebrum controls higher functions such as reasoning, memory, and voluntary movement, and makes up most of brain volume.

  6. Q6 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS medium

    The part of the brain that controls involuntary functions such as heartbeat and breathing is the

    1. A Cerebrum
    2. B Cerebellum
    3. C Hypothalamus
    4. D Medulla oblongata
    💡 Explanation:

    The medulla oblongata regulates vital automatic functions including heart rate and respiration.

  7. Q7 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS easy

    The gland often called the "master gland" of the endocrine system is the

    1. A Thyroid
    2. B Adrenal
    3. C Pituitary
    4. D Pancreas
    💡 Explanation:

    The pituitary gland regulates many other endocrine glands by secreting tropic hormones.

  8. Q8 medium

    Insulin is secreted by which cells of the pancreas

    1. A Alpha cells
    2. B Delta cells
    3. C Acinar cells
    4. D Beta cells
    💡 Explanation:

    Beta cells within the pancreatic islets of Langerhans produce and release insulin.

  9. Q9 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS easy

    A deficiency of insulin in the body leads to

    1. A Goiter
    2. B Acromegaly
    3. C Addison's disease
    4. D Diabetes mellitus
    💡 Explanation:

    Without enough insulin, cells cannot absorb glucose properly, causing high blood sugar known as diabetes mellitus.

  10. Q10 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS medium

    The thyroid gland requires which element to synthesize its hormone

    1. A Iodine
    2. B Iron
    3. C Calcium
    4. D Zinc
    💡 Explanation:

    Iodine is an essential component of thyroxine and triiodothyronine produced by the thyroid gland.

  11. Q11 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS medium

    Enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by iodine deficiency is called

    1. A Cretinism
    2. B Goiter
    3. C Grave's disease
    4. D Myxedema
    💡 Explanation:

    Without enough iodine, the thyroid enlarges as it tries to produce sufficient hormone, resulting in a goiter.

  12. Q12 hard

    Along with parathyroid hormone, blood calcium levels are regulated by

    1. A Insulin
    2. B Calcitonin
    3. C Cortisol
    4. D Aldosterone
    💡 Explanation:

    Calcitonin, secreted by the thyroid gland, lowers blood calcium by promoting its deposition in bone.

  13. Q13 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS medium

    Adrenaline (epinephrine) is secreted by the

    1. A Thyroid gland
    2. B Pancreas
    3. C Pituitary gland
    4. D Adrenal medulla
    💡 Explanation:

    The adrenal medulla releases adrenaline in response to stress, preparing the body for rapid action.

  14. Q14 easy

    Adrenaline is commonly known as the

    1. A Fight-or-flight hormone
    2. B Growth hormone
    3. C Sleep hormone
    4. D Love hormone
    💡 Explanation:

    Adrenaline rapidly increases heart rate and energy availability, preparing the body to confront or flee danger.

  15. Q15 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS hard

    Excess secretion of growth hormone in adults causes

    1. A Dwarfism
    2. B Acromegaly
    3. C Gigantism
    4. D Cretinism
    💡 Explanation:

    In adults, whose bone growth plates have fused, excess growth hormone thickens bones, causing acromegaly.

  16. Q16 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS medium

    Excess secretion of growth hormone during childhood causes

    1. A Acromegaly
    2. B Dwarfism
    3. C Goiter
    4. D Gigantism
    💡 Explanation:

    In children, whose bones are still growing, excess growth hormone leads to abnormally increased height called gigantism.

  17. Q17 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS medium

    Deficiency of growth hormone during childhood results in

    1. A Gigantism
    2. B Acromegaly
    3. C Dwarfism
    4. D Diabetes insipidus
    💡 Explanation:

    Insufficient growth hormone in childhood limits bone and tissue growth, causing pituitary dwarfism.

  18. Q18 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS easy

    The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord is the

    1. A Central nervous system
    2. B Peripheral nervous system
    3. C Autonomic nervous system
    4. D Somatic nervous system
    💡 Explanation:

    The central nervous system integrates and processes information from the entire body.

  19. Q19 medium

    An involuntary, automatic response to a stimulus that bypasses conscious brain processing is called a

    1. A Voluntary action
    2. B Synaptic response
    3. C Reflex action
    4. D Habitual action
    💡 Explanation:

    Reflex actions are controlled by the spinal cord and occur rapidly without conscious thought.

  20. Q20 medium

    The fatty insulating sheath covering many axons, which speeds nerve impulse conduction, is called the

    1. A Myelin sheath
    2. B Nissl granules
    3. C Dendrite
    4. D Synaptic vesicle
    💡 Explanation:

    Myelin acts as an electrical insulator, allowing impulses to jump between gaps called nodes of Ranvier.

  21. Q21 medium

    The branch of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for "fight or flight" is the

    1. A Parasympathetic system
    2. B Somatic system
    3. C Sympathetic system
    4. D Enteric system
    💡 Explanation:

    The sympathetic system increases heart rate and diverts blood to muscles during stress or danger.

  22. Q22 medium

    The branch of the autonomic nervous system that promotes "rest and digest" functions is the

    1. A Sympathetic system
    2. B Somatic system
    3. C Central system
    4. D Parasympathetic system
    💡 Explanation:

    The parasympathetic system slows heart rate and stimulates digestion during restful states.

  23. Q23 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS medium

    The number of pairs of cranial nerves in humans is

    1. A 31
    2. B 12
    3. C 10
    4. D 8
    💡 Explanation:

    Humans have 12 pairs of cranial nerves that emerge directly from the brain.

  24. Q24 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS medium

    The number of pairs of spinal nerves in humans is

    1. A 31
    2. B 12
    3. C 24
    4. D 33
    💡 Explanation:

    Humans have 31 pairs of spinal nerves that branch off the spinal cord.

  25. Q25 easy

    Hormones are transported throughout the body via the

    1. A Nervous system
    2. B Bloodstream
    3. C Lymphatic vessels only
    4. D Digestive tract
    💡 Explanation:

    Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood, which carries them to target organs.

  26. Q26 hard

    Which of the following is a steroid hormone

    1. A Cortisol
    2. B Insulin
    3. C Growth hormone
    4. D Thyroxine
    💡 Explanation:

    Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol and is classified as a steroid hormone, unlike insulin and growth hormone, which are proteins.

  27. Q27 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS medium

    The hormone melatonin, which regulates the sleep-wake cycle, is secreted by the

    1. A Thyroid gland
    2. B Adrenal cortex
    3. C Pineal gland
    4. D Thymus gland
    💡 Explanation:

    The pineal gland secretes melatonin in response to darkness, helping regulate circadian rhythm.

  28. Q28 easy

    The male sex hormone testosterone is secreted mainly by the

    1. A Testes
    2. B Ovaries
    3. C Adrenal cortex
    4. D Pituitary gland
    💡 Explanation:

    The testes produce testosterone, which drives male secondary sexual characteristics and sperm production.

  29. Q29 easy

    The female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone are secreted mainly by the

    1. A Ovaries
    2. B Testes
    3. C Adrenal medulla
    4. D Thyroid gland
    💡 Explanation:

    The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle and female characteristics.

  30. Q30 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS hard

    Insufficient secretion of cortisol and aldosterone by the adrenal cortex causes

    1. A Addison's disease
    2. B Cushing's syndrome
    3. C Diabetes insipidus
    4. D Grave's disease
    💡 Explanation:

    Addison's disease results from underactive adrenal cortex, leading to low cortisol and aldosterone levels.

  31. Q31 hard

    Excess secretion of cortisol leads to a condition known as

    1. A Addison's disease
    2. B Cushing's syndrome
    3. C Grave's disease
    4. D Diabetes insipidus
    💡 Explanation:

    Cushing's syndrome results from prolonged exposure to high cortisol levels, causing weight gain and other symptoms.

  32. Q32 medium

    The hormone vasopressin (ADH) is released from the posterior lobe of the

    1. A Thyroid gland
    2. B Adrenal gland
    3. C Pituitary gland
    4. D Pancreas
    💡 Explanation:

    The posterior pituitary stores and releases ADH, which is actually produced in the hypothalamus.

  33. Q33 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS medium

    Overactivity of the thyroid gland, causing weight loss and a rapid heartbeat, is called

    1. A Myxedema
    2. B Cretinism
    3. C Goiter
    4. D Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism)
    💡 Explanation:

    Grave's disease is an autoimmune disorder causing excess thyroid hormone production and hyperthyroidism symptoms.

  34. Q34 medium

    Specialized cells that support and protect neurons but do not themselves transmit nerve impulses are called

    1. A Axons
    2. B Neuroglia (glial cells)
    3. C Dendrites
    4. D Synapses
    💡 Explanation:

    Neuroglia provide structural support, nutrition, and protection to neurons but do not conduct impulses.

  35. Q35 medium

    Sensory neurons carry nerve impulses

    1. A From the brain to muscles
    2. B From one neuron to another only
    3. C From receptors to the central nervous system
    4. D Within the spinal cord only
    💡 Explanation:

    Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit information from sense receptors toward the brain and spinal cord.

  36. Q36 medium

    Motor neurons carry nerve impulses

    1. A From receptors to the CNS
    2. B Within the brain only
    3. C From the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands
    4. D Between two sensory neurons
    💡 Explanation:

    Motor (efferent) neurons carry commands from the central nervous system to muscles and glands to produce a response.

  37. Q37 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS hard

    The resting membrane potential of a typical neuron is approximately

    1. A -70 mV
    2. B +40 mV
    3. C 0 mV
    4. D -170 mV
    💡 Explanation:

    At rest, the inside of a neuron is about -70 mV relative to the outside, due to ion concentration gradients.

  38. Q38 hard

    During an action potential, the influx of which ion causes depolarization of the neuron

    1. A Potassium (K+)
    2. B Sodium (Na+)
    3. C Calcium (Ca2+)
    4. D Chloride (Cl-)
    💡 Explanation:

    Voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing Na+ to rush in and reverse the membrane potential.

  39. Q39 medium

    The part of the brain that regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst is the

    1. A Cerebellum
    2. B Hypothalamus
    3. C Medulla oblongata
    4. D Thalamus
    💡 Explanation:

    The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by regulating temperature, hunger, thirst, and the pituitary gland.

  40. Q40 hard

    The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland mainly through

    1. A Direct nerve fibers to all body organs
    2. B Releasing and inhibiting hormones
    3. C Blood clotting factors
    4. D Digestive enzymes
    💡 Explanation:

    The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate pituitary hormone output.

  41. Q41 medium

    The pancreas is described as a "mixed gland" because it performs

    1. A Only endocrine functions
    2. B Only exocrine functions
    3. C No hormonal function
    4. D Both endocrine and exocrine functions
    💡 Explanation:

    The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes (exocrine) and hormones like insulin and glucagon (endocrine).

  42. Q42 medium

    The hormone glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels, is secreted by which pancreatic cells

    1. A Beta cells
    2. B Delta cells
    3. C Alpha cells
    4. D Acinar cells
    💡 Explanation:

    Alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete glucagon, which stimulates the liver to release stored glucose.

  43. Q43 easy

    The part of the neuron that receives signals from other neurons is the

    1. A Axon
    2. B Axon terminal
    3. C Cell body only
    4. D Dendrite
    💡 Explanation:

    Dendrites are branched extensions of a neuron that receive incoming signals at synapses.

  44. Q44 hard

    Parkinson's disease is associated with the deficiency of which neurotransmitter

    1. A Serotonin
    2. B Acetylcholine
    3. C Dopamine
    4. D GABA
    💡 Explanation:

    Parkinson's disease results from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, impairing motor control.

  45. Q45 medium

    The outermost protective membranous covering of the brain and spinal cord is called the

    1. A Meninges
    2. B Pleura
    3. C Periosteum
    4. D Pericardium
    💡 Explanation:

    The meninges are three protective membranes (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater) surrounding the CNS.

  46. Q46 medium

    The fluid that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord is called

    1. A Synovial fluid
    2. B Plasma
    3. C Lymph
    4. D Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    💡 Explanation:

    CSF circulates around the brain and spinal cord, cushioning them and providing nutrients.

  47. Q47 hard

    Type 1 diabetes mellitus results primarily from the destruction of which pancreatic cells

    1. A Alpha cells
    2. B Beta cells
    3. C Delta cells
    4. D Acinar cells
    💡 Explanation:

    In Type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks insulin-producing beta cells, leaving the body unable to produce insulin.

  48. Q48 medium

    Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for the sense of vision

    1. A Olfactory nerve
    2. B Facial nerve
    3. C Vagus nerve
    4. D Optic nerve
    💡 Explanation:

    The optic nerve (cranial nerve II) transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

  49. Q49 Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/NTS medium

    The longest and thickest nerve in the human body is the

    1. A Vagus nerve
    2. B Optic nerve
    3. C Median nerve
    4. D Sciatic nerve
    💡 Explanation:

    The sciatic nerve runs from the lower back down each leg and is the largest nerve in the body.

  50. Q50 medium

    The specialized junction where a motor neuron meets a skeletal muscle fiber is called the

    1. A Neuromuscular junction
    2. B Synaptic cleft only
    3. C Node of Ranvier
    4. D Axon hillock
    💡 Explanation:

    At the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine release triggers contraction of the muscle fiber.

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