Treaties, Alliances and Key Concepts Identification MCQs 2026

SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) was created primarily as a

1. A Cold War collective defense pact in Asia-Pacific ✓
2. B European economic union ✓
3. C Middle East oil cartel ✓
4. D African decolonization body ✓

CENTO (Central Treaty Organization) was formerly known as the

1. A Warsaw Pact ✓
2. B Rio Pact ✓
3. C Locarno Pact ✓
4. D Baghdad Pact ✓

The Warsaw Pact was formed in

1. A 1949 ✓
2. B 1961 ✓
3. C 1975 ✓
4. D 1955 ✓

The Warsaw Pact was the Soviet response to

1. A SEATO expansion only ✓
2. B Non-Aligned Movement ✓
3. C NATO enlargement and West German rearmament ✓
4. D League of Nations revival ✓

The Locarno Treaties (1925) aimed to

1. A divide the Ottoman Empire ✓
2. B guarantee post-WWI western European borders especially Germany's west ✓
3. C establish the UN ✓
4. D create NATO ✓

The Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928) renounced

1. A all trade tariffs ✓
2. B war as an instrument of national policy ✓
3. C colonial expansion only in Africa ✓
4. D diplomatic immunity ✓

NATO's headquarters is in

1. A Paris, France ✓
2. B Brussels, Belgium ✓
3. C London, UK ✓
4. D Geneva, Switzerland ✓

The Rio Pact (1947) established

1. A inter-American collective security (OAS framework) ✓
2. B Asian nuclear-free zone ✓
3. C African Union defense command ✓
4. D European Coal and Steel Community ✓

ANZUS is a security alliance linking

1. A Australia, New Zealand and the United States ✓
2. B India, Japan and Australia ✓
3. C UK, Canada and France ✓
4. D Egypt, Jordan and Israel ✓

Politics Among Nations is authored by

1. A Kenneth Waltz ✓
2. B Alexander Wendt ✓
3. C Joseph Nye ✓
4. D Hans Morgenthau ✓

Theory of International Politics is authored by

1. A Kenneth Waltz ✓
2. B Hans Morgenthau ✓
3. C John Mearsheimer ✓
4. D Robert Keohane ✓

Anarchy is What States Make of It is authored by

1. A Kenneth Waltz ✓
2. B Hans Morgenthau ✓
3. C Alexander Wendt ✓
4. D Samuel Huntington ✓

Morgenthau's realism emphasizes

1. A international institutions as primary actors ✓
2. B power politics and human nature driving conflict ✓
3. C complete irrelevance of national interest ✓
4. D perpetual peace through trade alone ✓

Waltz's neorealism locates primary causation in

1. A international system structure especially anarchy and polarity ✓
2. B individual leaders' psychology only ✓
3. C domestic culture only ✓
4. D international law exclusively ✓

Wendt's constructivism argues that

1. A states never cooperate ✓
2. B power is irrelevant ✓
3. C anarchy is not inherently conflictual — it is socially constructed ✓
4. D only economics matters ✓

The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) is associated with

1. A creation of the UN ✓
2. B sovereignty and non-intervention norms in European state system ✓
3. C nuclear non-proliferation ✓
4. D European Union integration ✓

The League of Nations was founded after

1. A World War II ✓
2. B World War I ✓
3. C Napoleonic Wars ✓
4. D Cold War ✓

The United Nations was founded in

1. A 1919 ✓
2. B 1955 ✓
3. C 1991 ✓
4. D 1945 ✓

The UN headquarters is in

1. A Geneva, Switzerland ✓
2. B The Hague, Netherlands ✓
3. C New York City, USA ✓
4. D Vienna, Austria ✓

The International Court of Justice sits in

1. A The Hague, Netherlands ✓
2. B New York only ✓
3. C Vienna only ✓
4. D Paris only ✓

The Geneva Conventions primarily govern

1. A trade tariffs ✓
2. B international humanitarian law in armed conflict ✓
3. C diplomatic asylum only ✓
4. D environmental protection exclusively ✓

The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961) codifies

1. A nuclear test bans ✓
2. B maritime boundary rules exclusively ✓
3. C refugee definitions ✓
4. D privileges and immunities of diplomatic missions ✓

The Montreux Convention (1936) regulates

1. A Suez Canal tolls exclusively ✓
2. B Panama Canal ownership ✓
3. C passage through the Turkish Straits ✓
4. D Strait of Malacca piracy only ✓

The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided

1. A Africa between Britain and France ✓
2. B New World claims between Spain and Portugal ✓
3. C Middle East between Ottomans and Safavids ✓
4. D Asia between Dutch and Portuguese only post-1600 ✓

The Concert of Europe emerged after

1. A the Congress of Vienna (1815) ✓
2. B World War I ✓
3. C French Revolution only before Napoleon ✓
4. D Cold War end ✓

The Non-Aligned Movement emerged prominently during

1. A Cold War bipolarity ✓
2. B World War I ✓
3. C Napoleonic era ✓
4. D Post-Cold War unipolar moment only ✓

The Bandung Conference (1955) gathered

1. A NATO and Warsaw Pact members only ✓
2. B GCC founding states only ✓
3. C Asian and African states promoting decolonization and non-alignment ✓
4. D EU founders only ✓

The Helsinki Final Act (1975) is associated with

1. A NATO nuclear strategy only ✓
2. B WTO trade rounds ✓
3. C CSCE/OSCE and baskets on security, cooperation and human rights ✓
4. D IAEA safeguards only ✓

The Maastricht Treaty (1992) created

1. A NATO ✓
2. B the European Union ✓
3. C Warsaw Pact ✓
4. D ASEAN ✓

ASEAN was founded in

1. A 1955 ✓
2. B 1967 ✓
3. C 1981 ✓
4. D 1995 ✓

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) includes among its members

1. A China, Russia, India and Pakistan (among others) ✓
2. B only EU states ✓
3. C NATO members exclusively ✓
4. D GCC states only ✓

The African Union succeeded the

1. A Organization of African Unity (OAU) ✓
2. B League of Arab States ✓
3. C Non-Aligned Movement ✓
4. D Commonwealth only ✓

Collective security differs from collective defense because it

1. A only applies within existing alliance against non-members ✓
2. B excludes UN Charter ✓
3. C opposes aggression against any member by any state including outsiders ✓
4. D requires nuclear sharing ✓

Balance of power theory suggests states

1. A always form permanent universal government ✓
2. B never form alliances ✓
3. C ignore relative power completely ✓
4. D align or arm to prevent any single hegemon ✓

Hegemonic stability theory argues that

1. A a single dominant power helps provide public goods like open trade ✓
2. B multipolarity always maximizes stability with no hegemon ✓
3. C weak states always lead ✓
4. D international law is irrelevant ✓

Soft power is a concept associated with

1. A Joseph Nye ✓
2. B Hans Morgenthau only ✓
3. C Kenneth Waltz only ✓
4. D Carl von Clausewitz only ✓

Offensive realism (Mearsheimer) predicts that

1. A states prioritize institutions over survival ✓
2. B democracies never fight ✓
3. C great powers seek regional hegemony and maximize relative power ✓
4. D economic interdependence ends all war ✓

Liberal institutionalism (Keohane) emphasizes

1. A permanent war as rational ✓
2. B irrelevance of treaties ✓
3. C international regimes and institutions facilitating cooperation ✓
4. D only military power matters ✓

The Marshall Plan (1948) aimed to

1. A punish Germany permanently ✓
2. B rebuild Western European economies to contain communism ✓
3. C fund Warsaw Pact states ✓
4. D abolish NATO ✓

The Sinatra Doctrine (Gorbachev era) indicated

1. A expansion of Warsaw Pact ✓
2. B invasion of Afghanistan again ✓
3. C restoration of Stalinism ✓
4. D Soviet non-intervention in Eastern European domestic affairs ✓

The Treaty of Versailles (1919) imposed

1. A unification of Germany and Austria unconditionally ✓
2. B creation of NATO ✓
3. C end of all colonial empires immediately ✓
4. D heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany ✓

The Congress of Vienna (1815) is noted for

1. A restoring monarchical order and balancing great powers post-Napoleon ✓
2. B creating the League of Nations ✓
3. C launching decolonization in Africa ✓
4. D founding the Non-Aligned Movement ✓

The principle of uti possidetis in decolonization holds that

1. A all borders must follow ethnic lines exclusively ✓
2. B states may claim any neighboring territory ✓
3. C UN must redraw all borders every decade ✓
4. D colonial administrative borders become international boundaries ✓

The Montevideo Convention (1933) criteria for statehood include

1. A nuclear weapons possession ✓
2. B UN Security Council membership ✓
3. C population, territory, government and capacity to enter relations ✓
4. D minimum population of 10 million ✓

The Clash of Civilizations thesis is associated with

1. A Francis Fukuyama only ✓
2. B Alexander Wendt only ✓
3. C Joseph Nye only ✓
4. D Samuel Huntington ✓

The End of History thesis is associated with

1. A Samuel Huntington ✓
2. B Kenneth Waltz ✓
3. C Hans Morgenthau ✓
4. D Francis Fukuyama ✓