Vital Statistics and Demography MCQs 2026

The rate of natural increase equals

1. A TFR minus CBR ✓
2. B CDR plus CBR ✓
3. C ASFR divided by CBR ✓
4. D CBR minus CDR (per 1000 population) ✓

Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR) for age group i is

1. A births per 1000 total population ✓
2. B deaths per 1000 women in group i ✓
3. C births per 1000 married men ✓
4. D births to women in age group i per 1000 women in that group ✓

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) represents

1. A births per 1000 population in one year ✓
2. B ratio of births to deaths ✓
3. C average number of children a woman would bear if age-specific rates persisted ✓
4. D children per 100 married couples only ✓

Replacement-level fertility is generally taken as a TFR of about

1. A 1.0 children per woman ✓
2. B 2.1 children per woman ✓
3. C 4.5 children per woman ✓
4. D equal to CBR always ✓

Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) measures whether

1. A total population doubles each decade ✓
2. B males replace females in census ✓
3. C a cohort of newborn girls will replace itself in the next generation ✓
4. D CBR exceeds CDR by 10 points ✓

Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR) differs from NRR because GRR

1. A does not adjust for mortality of women before end of reproductive period ✓
2. B includes male births only ✓
3. C uses CDR instead of ASFR ✓
4. D measures migration not fertility ✓

Sex ratio at birth in demography usually refers to

1. A females per 100 males in total population ✓
2. B number of male births per 100 female births ✓
3. C males per 1000 population only ✓
4. D ratio of married to unmarried persons ✓

Vital statistics registration in Pakistan is primarily the responsibility of

1. A PBS alone without provinces ✓
2. B State Bank only ✓
3. C FBR tax registration only ✓
4. D provincial and local civil registration systems (NADRA supports CNIC-linked records) ✓

General sex ratio of population is expressed as

1. A births per 1000 population ✓
2. B deaths per 100 males ✓
3. C number of males per 100 females (or per 1000 females) ✓
4. D children per woman aged 15–49 ✓

Child-woman ratio is calculated as

1. A women per 1000 children ✓
2. B births per 1000 married couples ✓
3. C CBR divided by TFR ✓
4. D children under 5 (or under 15) per 1000 women aged 15–49 ✓

Vital Index is defined as

1. A CBR divided by CDR (× 100 if expressed as percentage) ✓
2. B CDR minus CBR ✓
3. C TFR divided by NRR ✓
4. D births plus deaths per 1000 ✓

A Vital Index below 100 indicates

1. A rapid population doubling ✓
2. B zero migration always ✓
3. C TFR above replacement ✓
4. D more deaths than births in the population (before migration) ✓

Primary sources of vital statistics include

1. A only sample surveys without records ✓
2. B only tax returns ✓
3. C only electoral rolls alone ✓
4. D civil registration of births, deaths and marriages ✓

Demographic surveys such as DHS and MICS supplement registration by providing

1. A only GDP figures ✓
2. B sample-based estimates of fertility, mortality and health indicators ✓
3. C only trade statistics ✓
4. D only agricultural yields ✓

Population census provides

1. A annual birth counts only ✓
2. B monthly death certificates only ✓
3. C quarterly GDP only ✓
4. D complete count of population by age, sex, residence and other characteristics at a point in time ✓

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is

1. A deaths per 1000 total population ✓
2. B deaths of infants under one year per 1000 live births ✓
3. C deaths of children under 5 per 1000 births ✓
4. D maternal deaths per 1000 women ✓

Under-five mortality rate counts deaths of children

1. A before age 1 only per 1000 population ✓
2. B aged 5–14 per 1000 children ✓
3. C before age 5 per 1000 live births ✓
4. D only in urban areas per 1000 ✓

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is expressed as

1. A maternal deaths per 100,000 live births ✓
2. B deaths per 1000 women aged 15–49 ✓
3. C deaths per 1000 total births including stillbirths ✓
4. D deaths per 1000 hospital admissions ✓

Life expectancy at birth estimates

1. A maximum possible human lifespan for all adults ✓
2. B years lived by oldest person in country ✓
3. C mean age of population only ✓
4. D average years a newborn would live if age-specific death rates remained constant ✓

Life table analysis in demography is used to compute

1. A only GDP growth rates ✓
2. B survival probabilities, life expectancy and reproductive rates ✓
3. C only inflation indices ✓
4. D only export volumes ✓

Dependency ratio compares

1. A births to deaths only ✓
2. B dependent population (young + old) to working-age population ✓
3. C urban to rural population only ✓
4. D males to females only ✓

A population with TFR of 3.5 and declining ASFR at younger ages may still show

1. A immediate old-age dependency peak ✓
2. B zero natural increase next year ✓
3. C sex ratio below 50 males per 100 females ✓
4. D high youth dependency until cohorts age through ✓

Youth dependency ratio uses

1. A population 65+ only ✓
2. B total fertility rate ✓
3. C population aged 0–14 relative to working-age population ✓
4. D sex ratio at birth ✓

Old-age dependency ratio uses

1. A children under 5 only ✓
2. B infant mortality rate ✓
3. C population aged 65 and over relative to working-age population ✓
4. D CBR alone ✓

Demographic transition theory describes movement from

1. A high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates ✓
2. B low fertility to high fertility always ✓
3. C migration-only population change ✓
4. D urban to rural dominance ✓

Stage I of demographic transition is characterized by

1. A low CBR and low CDR ✓
2. B high CBR and high CDR with slow population growth ✓
3. C zero migration ✓
4. D TFR below replacement ✓

Stage II of demographic transition shows

1. A high CBR but falling CDR leading to rapid population growth ✓
2. B falling CBR and rising CDR ✓
3. C immediate zero growth ✓
4. D TFR below 1.0 ✓

Stage III of demographic transition features

1. A rising CBR and CDR together ✓
2. B declining CBR and relatively low CDR ✓
3. C zero life expectancy gains ✓
4. D only migration-driven growth ✓

Stage IV of demographic transition has

1. A extremely high IMR ✓
2. B low CBR and low CDR near balance ✓
3. C TFR above 6 always ✓
4. D negative life expectancy ✓

Population pyramid with a wide base indicates

1. A rapid population decline ✓
2. B only elderly population ✓
3. C zero births in recent years ✓
4. D high fertility and youthful age structure ✓

A constricting population pyramid base suggests

1. A rising birth rates ✓
2. B doubling time of 10 years ✓
3. C declining fertility and ageing population ✓
4. D only male surplus at birth ✓

Population growth rate (annual) approximates

1. A TFR times CBR only ✓
2. B CDR divided by CBR ✓
3. C birth rate minus death rate plus net migration rate (per 1000 or percent) ✓
4. D sex ratio change only ✓

Doubling time of population at constant growth rate r (percent) is roughly

1. A 70 divided by r (rule of 70) ✓
2. B r divided by 70 ✓
3. C CBR minus CDR only without formula ✓
4. D TFR times 2 always ✓

Demographic dividend occurs when

1. A CDR exceeds CBR permanently ✓
2. B TFR rises above 5 ✓
3. C working-age share rises relative to dependents, boosting economic potential ✓
4. D migration is zero by law ✓

Total population size in intercensal estimates is updated using

1. A only sample surveys without census ✓
2. B census base plus births minus deaths plus net migration ✓
3. C only electoral registration ✓
4. D only tax filer counts ✓

Civil registration completeness affects vital statistics because

1. A incomplete registration understates true births and deaths ✓
2. B it raises CBR artificially always ✓
3. C it eliminates need for census ✓
4. D it measures GDP directly ✓

Pakistan's 2017 Housing and Population Census was conducted by

1. A NADRA alone without PBS ✓
2. B Pakistan Bureau of Statistics with provincial cooperation ✓
3. C State Bank of Pakistan ✓
4. D Securities and Exchange Commission ✓

De facto census enumeration counts persons

1. A at permanent legal domicile only ✓
2. B where they are found on census night (present location) ✓
3. C only at place of birth ✓
4. D only registered voters at home address ✓

De jure census enumeration counts persons

1. A only tourists present on census night ✓
2. B only factory workers on shift ✓
3. C at their usual place of residence ✓
4. D only hospital patients temporarily absent ✓

Standard reproductive age span for fertility rates is typically

1. A 0–14 years for all persons ✓
2. B 50–64 years for men only ✓
3. C 15–49 years for women ✓
4. D 65+ for elderly fertility ✓

General Fertility Rate (GFR) uses

1. A total births per 1000 women aged 15–49 ✓
2. B births per 1000 total population ✓
3. C deaths per 1000 women 15–49 ✓
4. D TFR summed over men ✓

Stillbirths are generally excluded from

1. A maternal mortality statistics only ✓
2. B age-specific death rates of adults ✓
3. C census housing units ✓
4. D live birth counts used in CBR and TFR ✓

Age-specific death rates are used to construct

1. A life tables and life expectancy ✓
2. B population pyramids only without mortality ✓
3. C TFR directly without births ✓
4. D sex ratio at birth only ✓

Urbanization rate in demography refers to

1. A percentage of population living in urban areas ✓
2. B CBR in cities minus CBR in rural areas ✓
3. C TFR in metropolitan areas only ✓
4. D migration to foreign countries only ✓

Net migration rate is

1. A (immigrants − emigrants) per 1000 population in a period ✓
2. B internal rural–urban moves only within same total ✓
3. C births minus deaths ✓
4. D TFR minus NRR ✓

Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) is a key source for

1. A national income accounts only ✓
2. B wholesale price indices ✓
3. C fertility, family planning, child and maternal health indicators ✓
4. D customs tariff schedules ✓

Child-woman ratio rising over successive censuses usually signals

1. A past high fertility or improving child survival ✓
2. B declining birth rates only ✓
3. C zero population growth ✓
4. D falling life expectancy always ✓

When CBR is 25 and CDR is 7, the Vital Index equals

1. A approximately 357 (25/7 × 100) ✓
2. B 32 percent ✓
3. C 18 per 1000 ✓
4. D equal to TFR of 2.1 ✓

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is defined as

1. A deaths per 1000 population only ✓
2. B live births per 1000 population in a given year ✓
3. C births per 100 women aged 15–49 only ✓
4. D marriages per 1000 adults only ✓

Crude Death Rate (CDR) measures

1. A births per 1000 women only ✓
2. B deaths per 1000 live births only ✓
3. C deaths among elderly only per year ✓
4. D deaths per 1000 population in a given year ✓