Range Management and Utilization MCQs 2026

Range management is the science of

1. A only clear-felling timber ✓
2. B only nursery polybags ✓
3. C managing rangelands for sustained livestock and ecosystem services ✓
4. D only urban zoning ✓

Rangelands are lands where

1. A native or naturalized vegetation is grazed by livestock or wildlife ✓
2. B only irrigated wheat is grown ✓
3. C only factories stand ✓
4. D only permanent glaciers exist ✓

A large share of Pakistan's land is

1. A arid and semi-arid rangeland rather than dense forest ✓
2. B continuous tropical rainforest ✓
3. C permanent ice sheet ✓
4. D mangrove only ✓

Carrying capacity of a range is

1. A unlimited herd size forever ✓
2. B the number of animals it can support without degrading the resource ✓
3. C zero animals always ✓
4. D only the number of trucks ✓

Animal unit (AU) is used to

1. A standardize grazing load across animal kinds and sizes ✓
2. B measure only tree DBH ✓
3. C count only seedlings ✓
4. D weigh only wool bags ✓

Stocking rate expresses

1. A animals (or AU) per unit area for a stated time ✓
2. B only rainfall mm ✓
3. C only soil pH ✓
4. D only fence color ✓

Overgrazing typically causes

1. A increased litter protection always ✓
2. B improved watershed always ✓
3. C denser climax forest instantly ✓
4. D loss of desirable forage, soil exposure and erosion ✓

Proper grazing use aims to

1. A harvest forage while leaving residual cover for plant recovery ✓
2. B graze to bare soil always ✓
3. C remove all litter ✓
4. D ban all rest periods ✓

Deferred grazing means

1. A grazing every day without pause ✓
2. B delaying grazing on a pasture until key plants set seed or recover ✓
3. C permanent abandonment only ✓
4. D irrigating with seawater ✓

Rotational grazing moves livestock

1. A in one paddock forever without rest ✓
2. B among paddocks to allow rest and regrowth ✓
3. C only at night on highways ✓
4. D only in forests clear-felled yearly ✓

Continuous grazing keeps animals

1. A always in perfect rotation ✓
2. B only in feedlots with zero range ✓
3. C never on rangeland ✓
4. D on the same area for long periods without planned rest ✓

Key species in range management are

1. A only invasive weeds without value ✓
2. B only trees of alpine fir ✓
3. C only crops in tunnels ✓
4. D plants that indicate condition and guide management ✓

Range condition classifies

1. A only fence age ✓
2. B only well depth ✓
3. C current state of vegetation relative to potential ✓
4. D only market price of goats ✓

Range trend describes

1. A direction of change in condition over time ✓
2. B a single static photo without comparison ✓
3. C only livestock breed fashion ✓
4. D only wool color ✓

Palatability refers to

1. A soil salinity only ✓
2. B fence tensile strength ✓
3. C how readily animals select a plant for forage ✓
4. D well pump horsepower ✓

Forage production is strongly limited in Pakistan ranges by

1. A continuous daily rainfall of 5 m ✓
2. B permanent flooding everywhere ✓
3. C low and erratic rainfall ✓
4. D zero drought ever ✓

Balochistan rangelands are important because they

1. A are continuous mangrove swamps ✓
2. B are moist temperate fir climax only ✓
3. C have no grazing use ✓
4. D support large pastoral livestock populations in arid/semi-arid zones ✓

Transhumance is

1. A permanent stall feeding only ✓
2. B zero mobility of herds ✓
3. C only urban dairy without movement ✓
4. D seasonal movement of livestock between grazing areas ✓

Nomadic pastoralism differs from settled ranching mainly by

1. A fixed paddocks only ✓
2. B zero livestock ✓
3. C only poultry towers ✓
4. D higher mobility following forage and water ✓

Water development on ranges must be planned because

1. A water never affects distribution ✓
2. B animals avoid all water ✓
3. C poorly placed water causes severe local overgrazing ✓
4. D wells increase forage automatically everywhere ✓

Sacrifice area near water or camps is

1. A a pristine exclosure ✓
2. B a heavily used zone that is hard to keep in high condition ✓
3. C a climax unused meadow ✓
4. D a nursery seedbed ✓

Reseeding degraded ranges aims to

1. A remove all vegetation forever ✓
2. B salinize soils ✓
3. C re-establish productive forage species ✓
4. D compact soil to concrete ✓

Invasive weeds on rangelands often

1. A reduce forage quality and alter fire/ecology regimes ✓
2. B always improve all native grasses ✓
3. C never spread with disturbance ✓
4. D fix nitrogen for climax fir ✓

Browsers prefer

1. A only pure mineral soil ✓
2. B only water without plants ✓
3. C woody twigs and leaves more than pure grass diets ✓
4. D only grain in feedlots ✓

Grazers preferentially consume

1. A only tree bark forever ✓
2. B grasses and herbaceous forage ✓
3. C only pine needles of fir climax ✓
4. D only mangrove pneumatophores ✓

Mixed livestock species can

1. A utilize different forage classes more completely if managed well ✓
2. B always destroy ranges faster with no benefit ✓
3. C never complement diets ✓
4. D only eat stones ✓

Drought management on ranges includes

1. A increasing herds during drought peaks ✓
2. B reducing stocking early and protecting key plants ✓
3. C ignoring forage forecasts ✓
4. D removing all residual cover ✓

Soil compaction from trampling reduces

1. A erosion risk always to zero ✓
2. B seed germination always ✓
3. C runoff always ✓
4. D infiltration and plant vigor ✓

Riparian areas on rangelands need special care because they

1. A never attract livestock ✓
2. B are productive yet easily degraded by concentrated use ✓
3. C have no forage ✓
4. D cannot erode ✓

Fire on rangelands can

1. A never affect vegetation ✓
2. B only create mangroves ✓
3. C only grow deodar forests ✓
4. D influence species composition and forage quality depending on regime ✓

Exclosures are used to

1. A compare grazed vs ungrazed vegetation and protect recovery ✓
2. B increase stocking without limit ✓
3. C remove all fences ✓
4. D poison forage ✓

Proper distribution of livestock is improved by

1. A one water point for a huge range only ✓
2. B no herding ever ✓
3. C random open access without plan ✓
4. D water points, fencing, salting and herding ✓

AUM (animal unit month) measures

1. A tree volume in hoppus feet ✓
2. B nursery polybag count ✓
3. C forage demand of one AU for one month ✓
4. D DBH in inches only ✓

Complementary forage from crop residues in Pakistan helps

1. A replace all range ecology forever ✓
2. B relieve pressure on rangelands in certain seasons ✓
3. C eliminate livestock ✓
4. D create alpine meadows ✓

Pasture versus range: pastures are often

1. A always virgin unmanaged desert ✓
2. B identical to alpine scrub only ✓
3. C more intensively managed and sometimes seeded/irrigated ✓
4. D never fenced ✓

Toxic plants on ranges are a concern because they

1. A always increase weight gains ✓
2. B never occur in Pakistan ✓
3. C can poison livestock when forage is scarce ✓
4. D only affect fish ✓

Wildlife-livestock interactions on ranges may involve

1. A zero overlap ever ✓
2. B competition for forage and disease risks ✓
3. C only mutualism without conflict ✓
4. D absence of wild herbivores always ✓

Community-based range management works better when

1. A open access without rules persists ✓
2. B elite capture is unchecked ✓
3. C users share rules for stocking and seasonal use ✓
4. D monitoring is banned ✓

Desertification on rangelands is accelerated by

1. A overgrazing, fuelwood cutting and drought ✓
2. B sustainable stocking and rest ✓
3. C watershed protection ✓
4. D reseeding with care ✓

Sand dune stabilization may use

1. A unlimited goat concentration on dunes ✓
2. B removing all plants ✓
3. C deep ploughing of dunes weekly ✓
4. D vegetation barriers and controlled grazing ✓

Forage conservation (hay/silage) helps pastoral systems by

1. A storing feed for scarce seasons ✓
2. B eliminating the need for any planning ✓
3. C increasing drought mortality always ✓
4. D replacing water ✓

Mineral supplementation for range livestock addresses

1. A only tree DBH growth ✓
2. B dietary deficiencies common on poor forages ✓
3. C only nursery shade ✓
4. D only fence paint ✓

Monitoring residual dry matter or cover helps ensure

1. A enough vegetation remains to protect soil ✓
2. B bare ground targets ✓
3. C maximum erosion ✓
4. D zero litter goals ✓

Stock trails and bedding grounds become degraded when

1. A use is well rotated ✓
2. B bedding is moved ✓
3. C animals repeatedly concentrate without rest or relocation ✓
4. D trails are rested ✓

The goal of utilization in range management is

1. A harvest of forage at levels compatible with sustained productivity ✓
2. B 100% removal of all plants yearly ✓
3. C zero harvest forever without objectives ✓
4. D conversion to concrete ✓

Mountain pastures in northern Pakistan are often used

1. A year-round identically to deserts ✓
2. B only in deep winter snow ✓
3. C never by pastoralists ✓
4. D seasonally in summer when snow melts and forage grows ✓

Goat browsing can damage forests and ranges when

1. A stocking is always within capacity ✓
2. B numbers and season are uncontrolled on regenerating woody plants ✓
3. C browse is unlimited ✓
4. D seedlings are protected ✓

Range improvement may include

1. A only increasing stocking without limits ✓
2. B reseeding, water spreading, shrub management and resting ✓
3. C removing all water ✓
4. D continuous year-long heavy use ✓

Economic utilization of ranges should account for

1. A only short-term herd maximization ✓
2. B zero environmental costs ✓
3. C ignoring soil loss ✓
4. D livestock products plus watershed and biodiversity values ✓

Sustainable range management in Pakistan requires

1. A unlimited open access forever ✓
2. B stocking control, mobility/rest, water planning and community rules ✓
3. C ignoring drought ✓
4. D converting all ranges to bare soil ✓