Silviculture Systems and Regeneration MCQs 2026

Silviculture is best defined as

1. A only wildlife trophy hunting ✓
2. B only timber auctioneering ✓
3. C only nursery accounting ✓
4. D the art and science of establishing and tending forest crops ✓

A silvicultural system is

1. A a planned program of treatments for regenerating and harvesting a forest crop ✓
2. B a random unplanned cutting ✓
3. C only a nursery layout ✓
4. D only a road alignment ✓

Clear-felling system removes

1. A only one tree per hectare forever ✓
2. B only understory shrubs ✓
3. C essentially the entire mature crop in one operation on a coupe ✓
4. D no trees at all ✓

A major risk of large clear-fells on steep catchments is

1. A increased soil protection always ✓
2. B zero runoff change ✓
3. C instant climax restoration ✓
4. D erosion and hydrological disturbance ✓

Shelterwood system regenerates the new crop

1. A only after removing every seed tree ✓
2. B without any seed source ✓
3. C under the partial cover of retained mature trees ✓
4. D only in deserts without trees ✓

Uniform shelterwood typically aims at

1. A permanent selection uneven-aged structure only ✓
2. B zero regeneration ✓
3. C only coppice stools ✓
4. D more or less even-aged regeneration under a uniformly opened canopy ✓

Selection system maintains

1. A only one-aged clear-felled plains ✓
2. B zero harvesting forever ✓
3. C only agricultural wheat ✓
4. D uneven-aged structure by harvesting scattered trees or groups periodically ✓

Group selection differs from single-tree selection by

1. A removing trees in small groups to create larger gaps ✓
2. B clear-felling entire working circles ✓
3. C banning all gaps ✓
4. D planting only mangroves ✓

Coppice system regenerates mainly from

1. A stump sprouts (coppice shoots) ✓
2. B only seed from distant continents ✓
3. C only grafting in labs ✓
4. D only aerial layering of conifers ✓

Coppice with standards combines

1. A coppice underwood with scattered standards grown for larger timber ✓
2. B only clear-fell of conifers ✓
3. C only mangrove pneumatophores ✓
4. D only alpine scrub ✓

The seed tree method retains

1. A no seed source at all ✓
2. B only dead snags ✓
3. C a small number of scattered seed-bearing trees after harvest ✓
4. D only nursery polybags ✓

Natural regeneration depends on

1. A only imported polybag stock always ✓
2. B complete absence of seed ✓
3. C sterile rock without moisture ✓
4. D seed/vegetative sources and suitable site conditions ✓

Artificial regeneration means

1. A establishing the crop by planting or direct seeding by humans ✓
2. B only waiting for unmanaged succession ✓
3. C banning all planting ✓
4. D relying solely on sprouts without plan ✓

Direct sowing in silviculture is

1. A only raising plants in nursery then planting ✓
2. B only grafting scions ✓
3. C sowing seed directly on the regeneration site ✓
4. D only air-layering ✓

Planting stock for artificial regeneration is commonly

1. A only mature 100-year trees transplanted whole ✓
2. B only rocks ✓
3. C nursery-raised seedlings or cuttings ✓
4. D only fertilizer bags ✓

Taungya system historically combines

1. A only pure mangrove fishing ✓
2. B agricultural crops with forest plantation establishment ✓
3. C only alpine grazing without trees ✓
4. D only urban high-rises ✓

Tending operations include

1. A only final clear-felling ✓
2. B only timber sale auctions ✓
3. C only boundary pillar painting ✓
4. D weeding, cleaning, thinning and pruning ✓

Weeding in young plantations removes

1. A the planted seedlings themselves ✓
2. B only mature seed trees ✓
3. C competing unwanted vegetation around seedlings ✓
4. D only soil entirely ✓

Cleaning is a tending operation that

1. A removes inferior stems of the same age class in sapling stands ✓
2. B harvests only veteran standards ✓
3. C plants mangroves in deserts ✓
4. D measures only DBH ✓

Thinning aims to

1. A increase overcrowding ✓
2. B stop all diameter growth ✓
3. C reduce density to improve growth of remaining trees ✓
4. D remove the entire crop at once ✓

Mechanical thinning selects trees mainly by

1. A random burning of the coupe ✓
2. B removing only soil ✓
3. C ignoring all stems ✓
4. D spacing or simple rules rather than crown class judgment alone ✓

Crown thinning preferentially removes

1. A competitors in the upper canopy affecting crop trees ✓
2. B only suppressed understory always ✓
3. C only litter ✓
4. D only nursery weeds ✓

Low thinning (thinning from below) removes mainly

1. A only the tallest dominants first always ✓
2. B only seed trees in shelterwood ✓
3. C only standards in coppice ✓
4. D suppressed and intermediate trees from lower crown classes ✓

Pruning in silviculture is done to

1. A increase knots deliberately ✓
2. B improve wood quality by removing lower branches ✓
3. C kill the cambium intentionally ✓
4. D stop height growth forever ✓

Rotation in even-aged systems is

1. A the daily patrol schedule ✓
2. B the nursery watering hour ✓
3. C the auction bid time ✓
4. D the planned period from establishment to final harvest ✓

Felling cycle in selection forests is

1. A the life of one leaf ✓
2. B the time to fill one polybag ✓
3. C the interval between successive selection cuttings in the same area ✓
4. D the monsoon month only ✓

Regeneration period in shelterwood is

1. A always exactly one day ✓
2. B the time over which the new crop is established under shelter ✓
3. C the same as geological eras ✓
4. D unrelated to seed years ✓

Advance growth refers to

1. A only trees planted after clear-fell ✓
2. B only nursery stock in trays ✓
3. C seedlings/saplings already present before final felling ✓
4. D only imported logs ✓

A coupe is

1. A a type of mangrove root ✓
2. B a soil horizon only ✓
3. C an annual or periodic felling area under a working plan ✓
4. D a chain survey error ✓

Even-aged stand structure means

1. A trees are predominantly of one age class ✓
2. B all ages mixed evenly always ✓
3. C only seedlings forever ✓
4. D no measurable ages ✓

Uneven-aged structure contains

1. A only one age class ✓
2. B only dead wood ✓
3. C only nursery beds ✓
4. D three or more age classes intermixed ✓

Shade-intolerant species regenerate best in

1. A deep continuous shade only ✓
2. B large openings with ample light ✓
3. C caves ✓
4. D complete darkness under dense fir ✓

Shade-tolerant species can regenerate under

1. A only full desert sun on bare sand ✓
2. B partial canopy shade ✓
3. C only tidal mangrove mud always ✓
4. D only irrigated wheat fields ✓

The choice of silvicultural system should consider

1. A only the color of boundary pillars ✓
2. B only the brand of axe ✓
3. C species ecology, site, objectives and regeneration capacity ✓
4. D only office furniture ✓

In moist temperate conifers of Pakistan, selection or shelterwood approaches are often discussed because

1. A conifers never need seed ✓
2. B clear-felling always improves alpine soils ✓
3. C many valuable conifers regenerate better with partial cover than huge exposed clearings ✓
4. D mangrove rules apply unchanged ✓

Irrigated plantations of shisham/mulberry in Punjab are commonly managed as

1. A even-aged plantation crops with clear-felling and replanting or coppice where suitable ✓
2. B alpine selection fir systems only ✓
3. C mangrove pneumatophore systems ✓
4. D juniper Ziarat selection only ✓

Coppice is generally unsuitable for

1. A many tropical sprouting hardwoods ✓
2. B short-rotation fuelwood stools that sprout ✓
3. C most conifers that do not sprout reliably from stumps ✓
4. D species known for vigorous coppicing ✓

Pollarding differs from coppice mainly by

1. A cutting at ground level only ✓
2. B cutting the crown above browsing height on a high stem ✓
3. C never cutting branches ✓
4. D only measuring DBH ✓

A regeneration survey assesses

1. A adequacy and distribution of seedlings/saplings ✓
2. B only timber market prices ✓
3. C only staff attendance ✓
4. D only rainfall in Karachi ✓

Failure of regeneration after felling may result from

1. A grazing, fire, poor seed year or unsuitable light/moisture ✓
2. B excess perfect seed always ✓
3. C zero disturbance ever ✓
4. D unlimited weed-free moist shade always ✓

Protection of regeneration from grazing is important because

1. A livestock always plant trees ✓
2. B browsing kills or deforms young plants ✓
3. C grazing increases all seedling density ✓
4. D animals never eat seedlings ✓

Beat up (beating up) means

1. A clear-felling the whole coupe ✓
2. B replacing dead plants in a young plantation ✓
3. C thinning mature standards only ✓
4. D surveying only boundaries ✓

Spacing in plantations affects

1. A only flower color ✓
2. B only wood smell ✓
3. C growth rate, form and intermediate thinning needs ✓
4. D only GPS accuracy ✓

Nurse crop in silviculture is

1. A the final climax only ✓
2. B a temporary crop that shelters a more valuable species ✓
3. C a pure weed without purpose ✓
4. D only a mangrove ✓

Underplanting establishes

1. A a new crop beneath an existing canopy ✓
2. B only crops on bare clear-fells ✓
3. C only desert dunes without shade ✓
4. D only tidal mud without trees ✓

The conversion of a silvicultural system means

1. A ignoring all working plans ✓
2. B changing from one system/structure to another deliberately ✓
3. C banning regeneration ✓
4. D selling the nursery only ✓

High forest traditionally means

1. A only coppice fuel stools ✓
2. B crops grown mainly from seed to timber size (not short coppice) ✓
3. C only agricultural fallow ✓
4. D only alpine meadows ✓

Simple coppice rotation is usually

1. A always longer than 200 years ✓
2. B identical to geological time ✓
3. C shorter than high forest timber rotations ✓
4. D unrelated to sprouting ✓

Seed years are important because

1. A heavy seed crops improve chances of natural regeneration ✓
2. B trees never produce seed ✓
3. C seed is irrelevant to regeneration ✓
4. D only cuttings matter for all species ✓

Scarification or site preparation can help regeneration by

1. A compacting soil to concrete ✓
2. B exposing mineral soil and reducing litter barriers to seed ✓
3. C removing all moisture ✓
4. D killing all mycorrhizae intentionally ✓

Fire may be used in some systems as

1. A a tool to prepare seedbeds or control unwanted vegetation when planned ✓
2. B an uncontrolled destroyer with no silvicultural theory ever ✓
3. C the only legal system in mangroves ✓
4. D a substitute for all seed ✓

The term 'felling series' relates to

1. A only nursery polybag series ✓
2. B only chain survey errors ✓
3. C only wildlife census ✓
4. D organization of coupes so that yields are regulated over the rotation ✓

Improvement felling removes

1. A all the best trees first always ✓
2. B only seedlings ✓
3. C only soil humus ✓
4. D defective, diseased or undesirable trees to favor better growing stock ✓

Salvage felling harvests

1. A only the healthiest dominants for seed ✓
2. B only nursery stock ✓
3. C only boundary trees that are healthy ✓
4. D dead, dying or damaged trees after disturbance ✓

Sanitation felling aims to

1. A spread pathogens deliberately ✓
2. B remove pest/disease centers to protect the remaining stand ✓
3. C ignore all outbreaks ✓
4. D plant only weeds ✓

In selection forests, sustained yield depends on

1. A removing the entire growing stock each year ✓
2. B never measuring increment ✓
3. C ignoring regeneration ✓
4. D balancing removals with growth across diameter classes ✓

Artificial regeneration is preferred when

1. A natural regeneration is always perfect ✓
2. B seed years are always abundant ✓
3. C grazing is zero and seed rain ideal always ✓
4. D natural seed sources or conditions are inadequate for objectives ✓

Mixed crops in silviculture can provide

1. A only pure monoculture benefits ✓
2. B risk spreading and complementary site use by species ✓
3. C zero ecological interest ✓
4. D identical niches always ✓

Pure crops are stands composed of

1. A many unrelated biomes ✓
2. B essentially one species ✓
3. C only animals ✓
4. D only soil types ✓

The success of a silvicultural system is judged mainly by

1. A reliable regeneration and meeting management objectives ✓
2. B only the length of the working plan book ✓
3. C only the number of stamps used ✓
4. D only auction drama ✓