Climate Change, Carbon Sequestration and International Conventions MCQs 2026

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are

1. A only provincial nursery targets ✓
2. B country climate pledges under the Paris Agreement ✓
3. C only plywood export quotas ✓
4. D only markhor hunting fees ✓

Pakistan is particularly climate-vulnerable due to

1. A complete absence of mountains ✓
2. B permanent lack of rivers ✓
3. C zero population exposure ✓
4. D glaciers, floods, heat, drought and water security risks ✓

Afforestation and reforestation help mitigation by

1. A increasing carbon uptake in new tree biomass ✓
2. B releasing all soil carbon intentionally ✓
3. C replacing photosynthesis with respiration only ✓
4. D removing all sinks ✓

Forest degradation differs from deforestation in climate accounting because degradation

1. A always converts land to city ✓
2. B increases canopy to 100% ✓
3. C reduces carbon density while land may remain forest ✓
4. D has no carbon effect ✓

The Kyoto Protocol was an earlier climate treaty that

1. A created the Forest Act 1927 ✓
2. B set binding emission targets for some developed countries in its first period ✓
3. C banned all forests ✓
4. D invented GIS ✓

UNFCCC is

1. A a plywood grading rule ✓
2. B a chir pine insect ✓
3. C a national park in Sindh ✓
4. D the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ✓

CBD refers to

1. A Carbon Board of Deodar ✓
2. B the Convention on Biological Diversity ✓
3. C Canal Bank Drainage ✓
4. D Chir Beetle Directive ✓

CITES regulates

1. A domestic fuelwood prices only ✓
2. B kiln temperatures only ✓
3. C international trade in endangered species ✓
4. D NDVI satellite orbits only ✓

Ramsar Convention concerns

1. A only alpine rock climbing ✓
2. B only desert oil wells ✓
3. C only urban parking ✓
4. D wetlands of international importance ✓

Adaptation in the forest sector includes

1. A managing for drought, fire, pests and watershed resilience under changing climate ✓
2. B ignoring all climate risks ✓
3. C planting only the most fire-prone fuels everywhere ✓
4. D draining all wetlands ✓

Mitigation in forestry focuses on

1. A reducing emissions and enhancing carbon sinks ✓
2. B only building sea walls ✓
3. C only air conditioning offices ✓
4. D only cloud seeding ✓

Permanence risk in forest carbon projects means

1. A carbon is stored in diamonds forever automatically ✓
2. B trees never die ✓
3. C sequestered carbon may be released later by fire, pests or clearing ✓
4. D soil carbon cannot change ✓

Leakage in REDD+ means

1. A water leaking from canals only ✓
2. B resin leaking from blazes only ✓
3. C emissions reductions in one place cause increased emissions elsewhere ✓
4. D data leaking from USB only ✓

Additionality means

1. A business-as-usual deforestation continuing unchanged ✓
2. B counting already protected intact forests without change always as new ✓
3. C ignoring baselines ✓
4. D carbon benefits that would not have occurred without the project/policy ✓

Soil organic carbon in forests is important because

1. A soils store large carbon pools that can be lost with degradation ✓
2. B soils never hold carbon ✓
3. C only leaves store carbon ✓
4. D bedrock stores all biomass carbon ✓

Glacial melt impacts in northern Pakistan link climate change to

1. A mangrove salinity only in Gilgit ✓
2. B chir pine resin prices only ✓
3. C plywood glue chemistry only ✓
4. D water timing, floods and long-term water security ✓

Heatwaves and drought can increase

1. A mangrove tidal range overnight ✓
2. B forest fire risk and tree mortality ✓
3. C snow depth in Karachi permanently ✓
4. D reservoir dead storage usefully ✓

Blue carbon refers especially to

1. A carbon in alpine scree only ✓
2. B carbon in desert pavement only ✓
3. C carbon in urban steel only ✓
4. D carbon stored in coastal ecosystems such as mangroves ✓

Measuring forest carbon often uses

1. A only opinion polls ✓
2. B biomass equations, inventories and remote sensing support ✓
3. C only hotel receipts ✓
4. D only trophy fees ✓

Climate-smart forestry seeks to

1. A combine mitigation, adaptation and sustainable production ✓
2. B maximize emissions from slash burning ✓
3. C ignore pests and fire ✓
4. D exclude communities ✓

International climate finance for forests may support

1. A only illegal logging subsidies ✓
2. B only coal expansion in forests ✓
3. C REDD+, restoration and resilience projects ✓
4. D only wetland drainage ✓

Pakistan's forests and tree planting contribute to NDCs by

1. A increasing deforestation targets ✓
2. B banning all nurseries ✓
3. C enhancing sinks and supporting adaptation co-benefits ✓
4. D removing mangroves ✓

Albedo and biophysical effects mean that

1. A only CO2 molecules matter and nothing else ✓
2. B trees have no temperature effect ✓
3. C forests affect climate not only via carbon but also energy/water fluxes ✓
4. D evapotranspiration never cools locally ✓

Short-lived climate pollutants and forest fires link because

1. A fires only emit pure oxygen ✓
2. B smoke cools the planet permanently always ✓
3. C fires sequester carbon instantly ✓
4. D fires emit CO2, black carbon and other pollutants ✓

The role of intact primary forests in climate policy is

1. A protecting large irreversible carbon stocks and biodiversity ✓
2. B converting them first for credits ✓
3. C ignoring their carbon ✓
4. D replacing them with parking lots ✓

Community forestry can support climate goals when

1. A local incentives keep trees growing and reduce degradation ✓
2. B communities are paid to clear forests ✓
3. C tenure is completely insecure ✓
4. D fire is unmanaged on purpose ✓

Ocean acidification is mainly a climate-ocean issue, while forests help climate by

1. A increasing ocean pH directly overnight ✓
2. B replacing the need for any energy transition alone ✓
3. C terrestrial carbon sequestration and related services ✓
4. D stopping all volcanic CO2 ✓

National Forest Monitoring Systems support

1. A hiding illegal clearings ✓
2. B transparent tracking of forest area and carbon change ✓
3. C abolishing maps ✓
4. D guessing without plots ✓

Adaptation co-benefits of watershed forests include

1. A increased desertification ✓
2. B higher peak silt without trees ✓
3. C loss of all springs always ✓
4. D flood moderation, erosion control and water regulation ✓

The Montreal Protocol is primarily about

1. A ozone-depleting substances, not forest carbon accounting ✓
2. B REDD+ results-based payments ✓
3. C Ramsar wetland lists ✓
4. D Forest Act reservations ✓

Carbon markets for forests require

1. A robust baselines, MRV, permanence and social safeguards ✓
2. B no measurement at all ✓
3. C forced relocation without rules ✓
4. D double counting without registries ✓

Tree planting on inappropriate sites can fail climate goals if

1. A every seedling always becomes old-growth overnight ✓
2. B failure is impossible ✓
3. C native grasslands never matter ✓
4. D survival is poor or ecosystems are harmed ✓

Climate education and awareness help forestry programs by

1. A increasing arson intentionally ✓
2. B reducing nursery demand ✓
3. C building public support for protection and greening ✓
4. D abolishing science ✓

International Day / campaigns for forests raise

1. A timber prices automatically ✓
2. B glacier volume overnight ✓
3. C political and public attention to forest-climate links ✓
4. D NDVI of the moon ✓

Integrating climate into forest working plans means

1. A ignoring all future climate risk ✓
2. B addressing fire, pests, species choice and carbon in management ✓
3. C banning all inventories ✓
4. D removing watershed objectives ✓

Carbon sequestration in forests means

1. A emitting only methane from leaves ✓
2. B removing CO2 from the atmosphere and storing carbon in biomass and soils ✓
3. C burning all slash to maximize CO2 ✓
4. D measuring only rainfall ✓

Above-ground biomass carbon is stored mainly in

1. A only stream water ✓
2. B stems, branches and foliage of trees ✓
3. C only bedrock granite ✓
4. D only asphalt roads ✓

Deforestation contributes to climate change by

1. A increasing forest carbon stocks ✓
2. B releasing stored carbon and reducing future sequestration ✓
3. C cooling the planet always ✓
4. D creating permanent ice ages ✓

REDD+ stands for

1. A Random Extraction of Desert Dunes ✓
2. B Regional Export of Deodar Decks only ✓
3. C River Engineering for Delta Drainage ✓
4. D Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (plus conservation, sustainable management and enhancement of stocks) ✓

The Paris Agreement aims to

1. A limit global warming through nationally determined contributions ✓
2. B abolish all weather services ✓
3. C ban all renewable energy ✓
4. D increase coal use mandates worldwide ✓