Renewable Energy and Pakistan Power Sector MCQs 2026

Pakistan total installed power capacity is dominated historically by

1. A thermal (fossil) followed by hydel and growing renewables ✓
2. B only nuclear exclusively ✓
3. C only tidal exclusively ✓
4. D only geothermal exclusively ✓

WAPDA historically managed

1. A only textile exports exclusively ✓
2. B water and power development including major dams ✓
3. C only aviation air traffic ✓
4. D only postal services only ✓

NEPRA regulates

1. A only cricket board schedules ✓
2. B only university admissions ✓
3. C electric power sector tariffs and licensing in Pakistan ✓
4. D only motorway tolls exclusively ✓

NTDC operates

1. A only domestic gas pipelines exclusively ✓
2. B only railway signals ✓
3. C only mobile telecom towers ✓
4. D national transmission grid in Pakistan ✓

Tarbela Dam is on river

1. A Jhelum ✓
2. B Chenab ✓
3. C Ravi ✓
4. D Indus ✓

Mangla Dam is on river

1. A Indus ✓
2. B Sutlej ✓
3. C Jhelum ✓
4. D Kabul ✓

Ghazi-Barotha hydropower project is

1. A coal-fired steam plant ✓
2. B run-of-river power on Indus downstream of Tarbela ✓
3. C nuclear PWR reactor ✓
4. D offshore wind farm ✓

Neelum-Jhelum hydropower diverts water from

1. A Neelum river to Jhelum via tunnel ✓
2. B Arabian Sea directly ✓
3. C Ravi to Chenab without mountains ✓
4. D Kabul to Swat only ✓

Nuclear power in Pakistan includes plants at

1. A only Tarbela dam ✓
2. B only Quaid solar park only ✓
3. C Karachi (KANUPP/K-2/K-3) and Chashma (C-1 to C-5 etc.) ✓
4. D only wind Gharo only ✓

KANUPP was Pakistan first nuclear power unit at

1. A Islamabad ✓
2. B Multan ✓
3. C Gilgit ✓
4. D Karachi ✓

Grid interconnection of renewable plant requires

1. A only direct battery without control ✓
2. B only diesel always without sync ✓
3. C only mechanical hand crank ✓
4. D inverter or synchronous machine meeting grid codes ✓

Net metering policy in Pakistan allows

1. A only unlimited free grid use without meter ✓
2. B only industrial coal plants exclusively ✓
3. C distributed generators to offset consumption and export surplus ✓
4. D no rooftop solar ever ✓

Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) compares

1. A only capital cost ignoring O&M ✓
2. B total lifecycle cost per kWh generated ✓
3. C only fuel cost for one day ✓
4. D only land rent ✓

Dispatch order in merit order dispatch typically uses

1. A lowest marginal cost units first ✓
2. B highest cost first always ✓
3. C random order ✓
4. D only oldest plant always ✓

Load shedding occurs when

1. A generation or transmission cannot meet demand so supply is curtailed ✓
2. B grid has excess power always ✓
3. C only maintenance without shortage ✓
4. D only voltage is exactly 230 V ✓

Circular debt in Pakistan power sector refers to

1. A only foreign exchange reserves ✓
2. B chain of unpaid receivables among power sector entities ✓
3. C only agricultural water debt ✓
4. D only motorway fines ✓

IPP stands for

1. A Internal Plant Pump ✓
2. B Integrated Power Panel ✓
3. C Independent Power Producer ✓
4. D International Pipe Protocol ✓

RLNG in Pakistan power context is

1. A only river water fuel ✓
2. B only bagasse only ✓
3. C only uranium ore ✓
4. D Re-gasified Liquefied Natural Gas used in combined cycle plants ✓

Combined cycle power plant pairs

1. A only wind with solar without heat recovery ✓
2. B only diesel generator without exhaust boiler ✓
3. C only hydro with coal without integration ✓
4. D gas turbine with steam turbine using exhaust heat recovery ✓

HRSG in combined cycle is

1. A Hydraulic Ram Steam Gear ✓
2. B High Resistance Signal Ground ✓
3. C Heat Recovery Steam Generator ✓
4. D Helical Rotor Static Governor ✓

Micro-hydel schemes in northern Pakistan serve

1. A only metropolitan 500 kV transmission exclusively ✓
2. B remote communities with small run-of-river units ✓
3. C only offshore desalination exclusively ✓
4. D only coal washing plants ✓

Solar inverter converts

1. A DC from PV array to AC for grid or loads ✓
2. B only AC to DC only always primary ✓
3. C only mechanical shaft power ✓
4. D only chemical to nuclear ✓

MPPT in solar system tracks

1. A maximum power point of PV array versus voltage ✓
2. B only minimum power deliberately ✓
3. C only fixed voltage ignoring irradiance ✓
4. D only wind direction ✓

Battery energy storage on grid can provide

1. A only unlimited energy forever without charging ✓
2. B peak shaving, frequency regulation and backup ✓
3. C only increases transmission line length ✓
4. D only replaces all generation always ✓

Pakistan renewable energy policy targets increased share of

1. A only more furnace oil exclusively forever ✓
2. B zero hydel development ✓
3. C wind, solar, hydro and bagasse in generation mix ✓
4. D only imported coal exclusively without alternatives ✓

Thar coal power projects use

1. A only imported LNG exclusively ✓
2. B only Himalayan glacier melt direct ✓
3. C only tidal power ✓
4. D indigenous lignite coal from Sindh ✓

Environmental impact of large hydel reservoir may include

1. A zero any effect always ✓
2. B only improves desert salinity always ✓
3. C displacement and ecosystem change in flooded area ✓
4. D only eliminates all floods forever globally ✓

Sedimentation in Tarbela reservoir reduces

1. A only turbine efficiency electrically always upward ✓
2. B active storage capacity over decades ✓
3. C only solar irradiance ✓
4. D only wind speed ✓

Pumped storage hydropower needs

1. A upper and lower reservoirs with reversible pump-turbines ✓
2. B only flat desert without height difference ✓
3. C only battery without water ✓
4. D only single canal without head ✓

Geothermal energy is

1. A heat extracted from earth interior for power or direct use ✓
2. B only solar reflection from mirrors ✓
3. C only moon tidal gravity ✓
4. D only chemical battery ✓

Tidal energy harnesses

1. A only river flow in mountains only ✓
2. B rise and fall of sea level ✓
3. C only coal combustion ✓
4. D only nuclear decay in reactor only ✓

Biogas from agricultural waste produces

1. A only oxygen for medical use primarily ✓
2. B only solid steel ✓
3. C methane-rich fuel for cooking or generation ✓
4. D only distilled water exclusively ✓

Energy efficiency improvement in industry reduces

1. A only increases losses deliberately ✓
2. B only grid voltage ✓
3. C only water head at dams ✓
4. D overall demand and import fuel burden ✓

Smart grid features include

1. A only paper ledger billing ✓
2. B only single manual switch ✓
3. C only diesel generators without metering ✓
4. D sensors, automation and two-way communication on network ✓

Frequency of Pakistan grid is nominally

1. A 60 Hz ✓
2. B 25 Hz ✓
3. C 50 Hz ✓
4. D 400 Hz ✓

High voltage transmission in Pakistan uses

1. A only 12 V DC exclusively nationwide ✓
2. B 500 kV and 220 kV lines among others ✓
3. C only 110 V single phase long distance ✓
4. D only 24 V battery bus ✓

Transformer at grid substation

1. A steps voltage up or down for transmission and distribution ✓
2. B only measures humidity ✓
3. C only filters coal ash ✓
4. D only stores water head ✓

Rooftop solar in Pakistan urban areas helps

1. A reduce bills and diversify supply under net metering ✓
2. B only increases peak load always ✓
3. C only blocks all grid power ✓
4. D only requires nuclear backup exclusively ✓

Wheeling charges in power sector refer to

1. A only bicycle rental ✓
2. B fees for using transmission network to move power ✓
3. C only water wheel irrigation antique only ✓
4. D only coal wagon railway ✓

Unbundling of power sector separates

1. A only merges all into one office always ✓
2. B only eliminates regulators ✓
3. C generation, transmission and distribution functions ✓
4. D only privatizes roads ✓

CFR in hydropower context may mean

1. A only coal fly ash residue only wrong context ✓
2. B only currency foreign reserve exclusively in finance ✓
3. C only compressive force ratio in soils ✓
4. D capacity factor or capability utilization of plant ✓

Solar thermal power (CSP) concentrates sunlight to

1. A only create PV electrons without heat engine ✓
2. B only freeze water ✓
3. C only compress air without heat ✓
4. D heat fluid driving steam turbine ✓

Dust on PV panels in Punjab reduces output; mitigation includes

1. A only painting panels black ✓
2. B only tilting to vertical north always wrong ✓
3. C periodic cleaning and anti-soiling coatings ✓
4. D only disconnecting strings forever ✓

Power factor penalty on industrial bills encourages

1. A only lowering power factor deliberately ✓
2. B improving power factor toward unity with capacitors ✓
3. C only using resistive heaters exclusively ✓
4. D only disconnecting meters ✓

Captive power plant in factory

1. A generates electricity for own use may export surplus ✓
2. B only sells only to foreign grid always ✓
3. C only pumps water without generation ✓
4. D only stores coal without combustion ✓

HVDC transmission may be used for

1. A long distance bulk power with lower losses than AC in some cases ✓
2. B only household 230 V wiring exclusively ✓
3. C only single solar panel interconnection ✓
4. D only battery cell level ✓

Karot hydropower project is on

1. A Indus at Attock only ✓
2. B Jhelum River ✓
3. C Ravi at Lahore ✓
4. D Dasht River Gwadar ✓

Suki Kinari hydropower is

1. A solar farm in Cholistan only ✓
2. B coal mine in Thar only ✓
3. C run-of-river project on Kunhar River ✓
4. D wind farm in Gharo only ✓

Climate change impact on Pakistan hydrology may affect

1. A only fixed constant flow forever unchanged ✓
2. B only electrical wire resistance ✓
3. C only urban traffic signals ✓
4. D glacier melt patterns and seasonal river flows ✓

Dasu hydropower project is planned on

1. A Indus River in Kohistan ✓
2. B Lyari River Karachi ✓
3. C Hingol River Balochistan only ✓
4. D Soan River only ✓

Diamer-Bhasha dam purpose includes

1. A only oil refining ✓
2. B water storage, flood control and hydropower on Indus ✓
3. C only steel smelting coal only ✓
4. D only airport runway ✓

Hydropower converts

1. A only solar photons directly without turbine ✓
2. B only chemical battery discharge without water ✓
3. C potential energy of water head to electricity via turbine-generator ✓
4. D only wind without generator ✓

Run-of-river hydropower typically has

1. A large multi-year storage like Tarbela always ✓
2. B no river needed ✓
3. C only diesel backup without water ✓
4. D limited storage and depends on seasonal river flow ✓

Solar photovoltaic cell converts

1. A heat to steam without collector ✓
2. B wind to mechanical without blades ✓
3. C uranium fission heat ✓
4. D sunlight directly to DC electricity ✓

Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park (Bahawalpur) is notable for

1. A offshore tidal barrage ✓
2. B nuclear fusion research ✓
3. C large-scale solar PV installation in Punjab ✓
4. D coal gasification only ✓

Wind power in Pakistan is concentrated in

1. A high Himalaya glaciers only ✓
2. B coastal Sindh and Balochistan corridors (Gharo-Jhimpir etc.) ✓
3. C dense urban Lahore centres only ✓
4. D underground mines only ✓

Capacity factor of solar PV in Pakistan is limited by

1. A night, cloud cover and dust soiling on panels ✓
2. B infinite sun 24 hours ✓
3. C zero daylight always ✓
4. D only grid frequency ✓

Wind turbine rated power is achieved at

1. A rated wind speed on the power curve ✓
2. B zero wind always ✓
3. C hurricane speeds only without cut-out ✓
4. D only when disconnected from grid ✓

Bagasse cogeneration in sugar mills uses

1. A only imported LNG exclusively ✓
2. B biomass waste from sugar cane processing as fuel ✓
3. C only river water head without boiler ✓
4. D only photovoltaic cells ✓