Qanun-e-Shahadat Order 1984: Proof, Witnesses and Documents MCQs 2026

Proof of foreign law under Article 59 requires

1. Ajudicial notice always without proof✓
2. Bpolice FIR✓
3. Cexpert evidence or authoritative texts as court accepts✓
4. Dguess by clerk✓

Party to suit may testify on own behalf unless

1. Anever permitted in Pakistan✓
2. Bonly in criminal cases never civil✓
3. Cotherwise disqualified—generally competent under QSO✓
4. Donly through advocate without oath✓

Perjury relates to false testimony but competency to testify differs from

1. Aguilt determination automatically✓
2. Bdocument attestation always✓
3. Ccompellability and credibility assessment by court✓
4. Dprimary evidence rule only✓

Article 129 QSO includes presumptions as to

1. Aall criminal guilt automatically✓
2. Babatement of fire, natural death, and other specified matters✓
3. Cevery civil contract validity without proof✓
4. Dforeign law without pleading✓

Examination of witnesses in civil court after framing issues aligns CPC Order XVIII with

1. AQSO Articles 132–138 on examination techniques✓
2. BOrder XXI execution only✓
3. Csection 302 PPC✓
4. DArticle 112 judicial notice list only✓

When opponent fails to produce document after notice, secondary evidence may be allowed under

1. AArticle 30 without notice✓
2. BArticle 68 character rule✓
3. CArticle 76 read with Article 77 QSO✓
4. DArticle 117 without burden analysis✓

Best evidence rule is primarily codified in QSO under

1. AArticle 136 only✓
2. BArticle 38 only✓
3. CArticles 73–76 for documents and Article 71 for oral direct evidence✓
4. DArticle 112 only✓

Judicial admissions on record may relieve need for

1. Aall proof even of law always✓
2. Bformal proof of admitted facts under Article 113 QSO✓
3. Cproof of foreign law always without expert✓
4. Dproof of signature never✓

Dumb witness may give evidence by

1. Anot permitted to testify ever✓
2. Bonly through police interpreter secretly✓
3. Cwriting or signs in open court when intelligible under Article 3 QSO✓
4. Donly in civil cases never criminal✓

Accomplice evidence requires

1. Acorroboration in material particulars in criminal cases as cautionary rule✓
2. Bno scrutiny at all✓
3. Cautomatic conviction✓
4. Dexclusion always even with corroboration✓

Number of witnesses: QSO generally does not fix minimum number for any fact except

1. Atwo witnesses required for every civil case always✓
2. Bspecific statutes may require witnesses for certain offences/documents✓
3. Cno witness ever needed if judge wishes✓
4. Donly police witness sufficient always✓

Tape recording/electronic evidence admissibility requires

1. Aproof of authenticity and integrity under QSO/Cyber provisions as applicable✓
2. Bautomatic admissibility without proof✓
3. Cexclusion in all criminal cases✓
4. Donly primary paper document always✓

Photograph as evidence may be proved by

1. Awithout any witness identification ever✓
2. Bonly if signed by judge✓
3. Cwitness who can identify scene/persons and chain of custody where relevant✓
4. Donly through hearsay✓

Secondary evidence of will may require

1. Ano foundation ever✓
2. Bonly oral statement of friend✓
3. Cstricter foundation proving loss and due execution depending on circumstances✓
4. Dpolice confession under Article 38✓

Presumption of correctness attaches to certified public documents under

1. AArticle 90 QSO subject to rebuttal✓
2. BArticle 38✓
3. CArticle 66✓
4. DArticle 136✓

Affidavit evidence in interlocutory matters is

1. Aalways replaces all trial evidence✓
2. Bpermitted by court rules though oral evidence required for contested trial facts generally✓
3. Cnever accepted in any form✓
4. Donly in criminal trial on merits always✓

Burden on accused to prove general exception under PPC may shift only after

1. Aaccused charged regardless of prosecution evidence✓
2. Bplaint filed in civil court✓
3. Cprosecution establishes basic elements—depending on statute and case law✓
4. Dwitness sworn in chief only✓

Oral evidence to contradict document varies when

1. Adocument is proved and terms integrated—parol evidence rule in contract context interacts✓
2. Balways allowed freely to rewrite contract without basis✓
3. Cnever in any case ever✓
4. Donly through confession to police✓

Proof of handwriting may be by

1. Aonly oral guess✓
2. Bonly police report without comparison✓
3. Ccomparing disputed writing with admitted writing under Article 59/94✓
4. Donly dying declaration✓

Expert witness opinion under Article 59 must be based on

1. Aspeculation without basis✓
2. Bexpert knowledge and facts proved or assumed✓
3. Crumour from third persons only✓
4. Dpolice theory alone✓

Contradiction of witness by prior statement follows

1. AArticle 73 primary evidence only✓
2. BArticle 140 read with Article 145 QSO✓
3. CArticle 112 judicial notice✓
4. DArticle 117 burden only✓

Refresh memory of witness may be allowed using

1. Aleading questions only in chief always✓
2. Bhearsay statement freely✓
3. Cpolice FIR alone always✓
4. Ddocument under Article 159 QSO if witness once knew fact though memory deficient✓

Court may ask any question to witness under

1. Aonly at request of prosecution always✓
2. BArticle 165 QSO in order to discover truth✓
3. Cnever during cross✓
4. Donly after appeal filed✓

Presumption of legitimacy of child born during lawful wedlock may arise under

1. AArticle 38 confession✓
2. BArticle 136✓
3. CArticle 30 admission only✓
4. DArticle 128 QSO✓

Burden of proving ownership often falls on

1. Aalways the possessor never claimant✓
2. Bclaimant alleging title under general Article 117–119 scheme✓
3. Calways police✓
4. Dalways witness not party✓

Article 75 QSO states documents must be proved by

1. Aprimary evidence except when secondary evidence is permitted✓
2. Bonly witness oath without production✓
3. Conly police report✓
4. Dnever in civil court✓

Documentary evidence must as a rule be proved by

1. Aprimary evidence except when secondary allowed under Article 76✓
2. Boral rumour preferred✓
3. Ccopy without foundation always✓
4. Dadmission of opponent alone never sufficient✓

Proof of signature on document required by law to be attested may be made under

1. Ahearsay only always✓
2. BArticle 79 QSO read with Articles 80–82✓
3. Cpolice opinion only✓
4. Dno proof ever required✓

Certified copy of public document may be proved under

1. AArticle 87 read with Article 88 QSO✓
2. BArticle 38 confession rule✓
3. CArticle 66 character rule✓
4. DArticle 136 leading questions✓

The general burden of proof in civil and criminal cases begins with

1. AArticle 30 admission rule✓
2. BArticle 112 judicial notice only✓
3. CArticle 136 leading questions✓
4. DArticle 117 QSO—whoever desires court to give judgment must prove facts✓

Article 118 QSO places burden on

1. Athe party who would fail if no evidence were given on either side✓
2. Balways the prosecution in every civil case✓
3. Calways the defendant in every suit✓
4. Dthe judge ex officio always✓

Article 119 QSO provides burden of proving a particular fact lies on

1. Aalways the prosecution in every civil case✓
2. Bthe party for whom judgment would be given if that fact were proved✓
3. Calways the court clerk✓
4. Dalways the witness not party✓

Article 122 QSO places burden of proving fact especially within knowledge on

1. Aalways the opponent regardless of access✓
2. Balways the judge ex officio✓
3. Calways police✓
4. Dthe person who has knowledge of that fact✓

In criminal cases, prosecution generally bears burden to prove guilt

1. Aon balance of probabilities only✓
2. Bby mere suspicion✓
3. Cby preponderance like civil cases always without exception✓
4. Dbeyond reasonable doubt✓

In civil cases, standard of proof is generally

1. Abeyond reasonable doubt for every fact✓
2. Bstrict proof beyond all doubt always✓
3. Cno proof required if suit filed✓
4. Don balance of probabilities✓

Article 3 QSO provides that all persons are competent to testify unless

1. Acourt considers them incapable of understanding questions due to tender years, disease, etc.✓
2. Bthey are accused always✓
3. Cthey are civil defendants always✓
4. Dthey lack degree education✓

A child witness may testify if

1. Anever allowed in any case✓
2. Bonly through police officer✓
3. Conly without oath always mandatory bar✓
4. Dcourt is satisfied the child understands duty to speak truth✓

Order of examination of witness under Article 132 QSO is

1. Across first always✓
2. Bonly chief without cross✓
3. Cre-examination before cross✓
4. Dexamination-in-chief, cross-examination, re-examination✓

Examination-in-chief is conducted by

1. Aopposing counsel always✓
2. Bjudge only always✓
3. Cparty who calls the witness✓
4. Dpolice only✓

Cross-examination is conducted by

1. Aadverse party✓
2. Bwitness themselves✓
3. Ccalling party only✓
4. Dcourt stenographer✓

Re-examination is limited to

1. Aintroducing entirely new case theory freely✓
2. Brepeating chief in full always✓
3. C replacing cross entirely✓
4. Dclarifying matters arising in cross-examination✓

Private documents are those

1. Aonly forged papers✓
2. Bonly electronic records always✓
3. Conly judgments of Supreme Court✓
4. Dother than public documents under Article 86 QSO✓

Leading questions under Article 136 QSO are questions suggesting

1. Aonly open narrative questions✓
2. Bonly questions about law✓
3. Conly documentary contents without witness✓
4. Dthe answer which the person putting question wishes or expects✓

Leading questions must not be asked in examination-in-chief except

1. Aon introductory matters or undisputed points as court allows✓
2. Bon all contested facts freely✓
3. Cnever under any circumstances even introductory✓
4. Donly in re-examination without limit✓

Leading questions may be asked in cross-examination under

1. AArticle 117 burden rule✓
2. BArticle 73 primary evidence✓
3. CArticle 112 judicial notice✓
4. DArticle 138 QSO✓

Hostile witness may be cross-examined by

1. Ano one once called✓
2. Bonly prosecution in all cases✓
3. Cparty calling the witness with court permission under Article 150 QSO✓
4. Donly after criminal conviction✓

Primary evidence of document means under Article 73 QSO

1. Acertified copy always✓
2. Bthe document itself produced for inspection of the Court✓
3. Coral description only✓
4. Dhearsay about document✓

Article 118 QSO places burden on

1. Athe party who would fail if no evidence were given on either side✓
2. Balways the prosecution in every civil case✓
3. Calways the defendant in every suit✓
4. Dthe judge ex officio always✓

Article 119 QSO provides burden of proving a particular fact lies on

1. Aalways the prosecution in every civil case✓
2. Bthe party for whom judgment would be given if that fact were proved✓
3. Calways the court clerk✓
4. Dalways the witness not party✓

Article 122 QSO places burden of proving fact especially within knowledge on

1. Aalways the opponent regardless of access✓
2. Balways the judge ex officio✓
3. Calways police✓
4. Dthe person who has knowledge of that fact✓

In criminal cases, prosecution generally bears burden to prove guilt

1. Aon balance of probabilities only✓
2. Bby mere suspicion✓
3. Cby preponderance like civil cases always without exception✓
4. Dbeyond reasonable doubt✓

Proof of foreign law under Article 59 requires

1. Ajudicial notice always without proof✓
2. Bpolice FIR✓
3. Cexpert evidence or authoritative texts as court accepts✓
4. Dguess by clerk✓

Refresh memory of witness may be allowed using

1. Aleading questions only in chief always✓
2. Bhearsay statement freely✓
3. Cpolice FIR alone always✓
4. Ddocument under Article 159 QSO if witness once knew fact though memory deficient✓

In civil cases, standard of proof is generally

1. Abeyond reasonable doubt for every fact✓
2. Bstrict proof beyond all doubt always✓
3. Cno proof required if suit filed✓
4. Don balance of probabilities✓

Article 3 QSO provides that all persons are competent to testify unless

1. Acourt considers them incapable of understanding questions due to tender years, disease, etc.✓
2. Bthey are accused always✓
3. Cthey are civil defendants always✓
4. Dthey lack degree education✓

A child witness may testify if

1. Anever allowed in any case✓
2. Bonly through police officer✓
3. Conly without oath always mandatory bar✓
4. Dcourt is satisfied the child understands duty to speak truth✓

Order of examination of witness under Article 132 QSO is

1. Across first always✓
2. Bonly chief without cross✓
3. Cre-examination before cross✓
4. Dexamination-in-chief, cross-examination, re-examination✓

Examination-in-chief is conducted by

1. Aopposing counsel always✓
2. Bjudge only always✓
3. Cparty who calls the witness✓
4. Dpolice only✓

Cross-examination is conducted by

1. Aadverse party✓
2. Bwitness themselves✓
3. Ccalling party only✓
4. Dcourt stenographer✓

Re-examination is limited to

1. Aintroducing entirely new case theory freely✓
2. Brepeating chief in full always✓
3. C replacing cross entirely✓
4. Dclarifying matters arising in cross-examination✓

Leading questions under Article 136 QSO are questions suggesting

1. Aonly open narrative questions✓
2. Bonly questions about law✓
3. Conly documentary contents without witness✓
4. Dthe answer which the person putting question wishes or expects✓

Leading questions must not be asked in examination-in-chief except

1. Aon introductory matters or undisputed points as court allows✓
2. Bon all contested facts freely✓
3. Cnever under any circumstances even introductory✓
4. Donly in re-examination without limit✓

Leading questions may be asked in cross-examination under

1. AArticle 117 burden rule✓
2. BArticle 73 primary evidence✓
3. CArticle 112 judicial notice✓
4. DArticle 138 QSO✓

Hostile witness may be cross-examined by

1. Ano one once called✓
2. Bonly prosecution in all cases✓
3. Cparty calling the witness with court permission under Article 150 QSO✓
4. Donly after criminal conviction✓

Primary evidence of document means under Article 73 QSO

1. Acertified copy always✓
2. Bthe document itself produced for inspection of the Court✓
3. Coral description only✓
4. Dhearsay about document✓

Secondary evidence of document under Article 74 QSO includes

1. Aalways preferred over original✓
2. Bcopies, oral accounts of contents when primary not available lawfully✓
3. Cforged duplicates✓
4. Drumour about existence✓

Article 76 QSO permits secondary evidence when

1. Aplaintiff prefers copy for convenience always✓
2. Boriginal is lost, destroyed, in opponent possession not produced after notice, etc.✓
3. Cdocument is public without certification✓
4. Dwitness refuses to speak✓

Public documents are defined and illustrated under

1. AArticle 85 QSO read with Article 86✓
2. BArticle 30 only✓
3. CArticle 38✓
4. DArticle 136✓

Private documents are those

1. Aonly forged papers✓
2. Bonly electronic records always✓
3. Conly judgments of Supreme Court✓
4. Dother than public documents under Article 86 QSO✓

Certified copy of public document may be proved under

1. AArticle 87 read with Article 88 QSO✓
2. BArticle 38 confession rule✓
3. CArticle 66 character rule✓
4. DArticle 136 leading questions✓

Proof of signature on document required by law to be attested may be made under

1. Ahearsay only always✓
2. BArticle 79 QSO read with Articles 80–82✓
3. Cpolice opinion only✓
4. Dno proof ever required✓

Documentary evidence must as a rule be proved by

1. Aprimary evidence except when secondary allowed under Article 76✓
2. Boral rumour preferred✓
3. Ccopy without foundation always✓
4. Dadmission of opponent alone never sufficient✓

Article 75 QSO states documents must be proved by

1. Aprimary evidence except when secondary evidence is permitted✓
2. Bonly witness oath without production✓
3. Conly police report✓
4. Dnever in civil court✓

Burden of proving ownership often falls on

1. Aalways the possessor never claimant✓
2. Bclaimant alleging title under general Article 117–119 scheme✓
3. Calways police✓
4. Dalways witness not party✓

Presumption of legitimacy of child born during lawful wedlock may arise under

1. AArticle 38 confession✓
2. BArticle 136✓
3. CArticle 30 admission only✓
4. DArticle 128 QSO✓

Court may ask any question to witness under

1. Aonly at request of prosecution always✓
2. BArticle 165 QSO in order to discover truth✓
3. Cnever during cross✓
4. Donly after appeal filed✓

Contradiction of witness by prior statement follows

1. AArticle 73 primary evidence only✓
2. BArticle 140 read with Article 145 QSO✓
3. CArticle 112 judicial notice✓
4. DArticle 117 burden only✓

Expert witness opinion under Article 59 must be based on

1. Aspeculation without basis✓
2. Bexpert knowledge and facts proved or assumed✓
3. Crumour from third persons only✓
4. Dpolice theory alone✓

Proof of handwriting may be by

1. Aonly oral guess✓
2. Bonly police report without comparison✓
3. Ccomparing disputed writing with admitted writing under Article 59/94✓
4. Donly dying declaration✓

Oral evidence to contradict document varies when

1. Adocument is proved and terms integrated—parol evidence rule in contract context interacts✓
2. Balways allowed freely to rewrite contract without basis✓
3. Cnever in any case ever✓
4. Donly through confession to police✓

Burden on accused to prove general exception under PPC may shift only after

1. Aaccused charged regardless of prosecution evidence✓
2. Bplaint filed in civil court✓
3. Cprosecution establishes basic elements—depending on statute and case law✓
4. Dwitness sworn in chief only✓

Affidavit evidence in interlocutory matters is

1. Aalways replaces all trial evidence✓
2. Bpermitted by court rules though oral evidence required for contested trial facts generally✓
3. Cnever accepted in any form✓
4. Donly in criminal trial on merits always✓

Presumption of correctness attaches to certified public documents under

1. AArticle 90 QSO subject to rebuttal✓
2. BArticle 38✓
3. CArticle 66✓
4. DArticle 136✓

Secondary evidence of will may require

1. Ano foundation ever✓
2. Bonly oral statement of friend✓
3. Cstricter foundation proving loss and due execution depending on circumstances✓
4. Dpolice confession under Article 38✓

Photograph as evidence may be proved by

1. Awithout any witness identification ever✓
2. Bonly if signed by judge✓
3. Cwitness who can identify scene/persons and chain of custody where relevant✓
4. Donly through hearsay✓

Tape recording/electronic evidence admissibility requires

1. Aproof of authenticity and integrity under QSO/Cyber provisions as applicable✓
2. Bautomatic admissibility without proof✓
3. Cexclusion in all criminal cases✓
4. Donly primary paper document always✓

Number of witnesses: QSO generally does not fix minimum number for any fact except

1. Atwo witnesses required for every civil case always✓
2. Bspecific statutes may require witnesses for certain offences/documents✓
3. Cno witness ever needed if judge wishes✓
4. Donly police witness sufficient always✓

Accomplice evidence requires

1. Acorroboration in material particulars in criminal cases as cautionary rule✓
2. Bno scrutiny at all✓
3. Cautomatic conviction✓
4. Dexclusion always even with corroboration✓

Dumb witness may give evidence by

1. Anot permitted to testify ever✓
2. Bonly through police interpreter secretly✓
3. Cwriting or signs in open court when intelligible under Article 3 QSO✓
4. Donly in civil cases never criminal✓

Judicial admissions on record may relieve need for

1. Aall proof even of law always✓
2. Bformal proof of admitted facts under Article 113 QSO✓
3. Cproof of foreign law always without expert✓
4. Dproof of signature never✓

Best evidence rule is primarily codified in QSO under

1. AArticle 136 only✓
2. BArticle 38 only✓
3. CArticles 73–76 for documents and Article 71 for oral direct evidence✓
4. DArticle 112 only✓

When opponent fails to produce document after notice, secondary evidence may be allowed under

1. AArticle 30 without notice✓
2. BArticle 68 character rule✓
3. CArticle 76 read with Article 77 QSO✓
4. DArticle 117 without burden analysis✓

Examination of witnesses in civil court after framing issues aligns CPC Order XVIII with

1. AQSO Articles 132–138 on examination techniques✓
2. BOrder XXI execution only✓
3. Csection 302 PPC✓
4. DArticle 112 judicial notice list only✓

Article 129 QSO includes presumptions as to

1. Aall criminal guilt automatically✓
2. Babatement of fire, natural death, and other specified matters✓
3. Cevery civil contract validity without proof✓
4. Dforeign law without pleading✓

Perjury relates to false testimony but competency to testify differs from

1. Aguilt determination automatically✓
2. Bdocument attestation always✓
3. Ccompellability and credibility assessment by court✓
4. Dprimary evidence rule only✓

Party to suit may testify on own behalf unless

1. Anever permitted in Pakistan✓
2. Bonly in criminal cases never civil✓
3. Cotherwise disqualified—generally competent under QSO✓
4. Donly through advocate without oath✓