Qanun-e-Shahadat Order 1984: Proof, Witnesses and Documents MCQs 2026

The general burden of proof in civil and criminal cases begins with

1. A Article 30 admission rule ✓
2. B Article 112 judicial notice only ✓
3. C Article 136 leading questions ✓
4. D Article 117 QSO—whoever desires court to give judgment must prove facts ✓

Article 118 QSO places burden on

1. A the party who would fail if no evidence were given on either side ✓
2. B always the prosecution in every civil case ✓
3. C always the defendant in every suit ✓
4. D the judge ex officio always ✓

Article 119 QSO provides burden of proving a particular fact lies on

1. A always the prosecution in every civil case ✓
2. B the party for whom judgment would be given if that fact were proved ✓
3. C always the court clerk ✓
4. D always the witness not party ✓

Article 122 QSO places burden of proving fact especially within knowledge on

1. A always the opponent regardless of access ✓
2. B always the judge ex officio ✓
3. C always police ✓
4. D the person who has knowledge of that fact ✓

In criminal cases, prosecution generally bears burden to prove guilt

1. A on balance of probabilities only ✓
2. B by mere suspicion ✓
3. C by preponderance like civil cases always without exception ✓
4. D beyond reasonable doubt ✓

In civil cases, standard of proof is generally

1. A beyond reasonable doubt for every fact ✓
2. B strict proof beyond all doubt always ✓
3. C no proof required if suit filed ✓
4. D on balance of probabilities ✓

Article 3 QSO provides that all persons are competent to testify unless

1. A court considers them incapable of understanding questions due to tender years, disease, etc. ✓
2. B they are accused always ✓
3. C they are civil defendants always ✓
4. D they lack degree education ✓

A child witness may testify if

1. A never allowed in any case ✓
2. B only through police officer ✓
3. C only without oath always mandatory bar ✓
4. D court is satisfied the child understands duty to speak truth ✓

Order of examination of witness under Article 132 QSO is

1. A cross first always ✓
2. B only chief without cross ✓
3. C re-examination before cross ✓
4. D examination-in-chief, cross-examination, re-examination ✓

Examination-in-chief is conducted by

1. A opposing counsel always ✓
2. B judge only always ✓
3. C party who calls the witness ✓
4. D police only ✓

Cross-examination is conducted by

1. A adverse party ✓
2. B witness themselves ✓
3. C calling party only ✓
4. D court stenographer ✓

Re-examination is limited to

1. A introducing entirely new case theory freely ✓
2. B repeating chief in full always ✓
3. C replacing cross entirely ✓
4. D clarifying matters arising in cross-examination ✓

Leading questions under Article 136 QSO are questions suggesting

1. A only open narrative questions ✓
2. B only questions about law ✓
3. C only documentary contents without witness ✓
4. D the answer which the person putting question wishes or expects ✓

Leading questions must not be asked in examination-in-chief except

1. A on introductory matters or undisputed points as court allows ✓
2. B on all contested facts freely ✓
3. C never under any circumstances even introductory ✓
4. D only in re-examination without limit ✓

Leading questions may be asked in cross-examination under

1. A Article 117 burden rule ✓
2. B Article 73 primary evidence ✓
3. C Article 112 judicial notice ✓
4. D Article 138 QSO ✓

Hostile witness may be cross-examined by

1. A no one once called ✓
2. B only prosecution in all cases ✓
3. C party calling the witness with court permission under Article 150 QSO ✓
4. D only after criminal conviction ✓

Primary evidence of document means under Article 73 QSO

1. A certified copy always ✓
2. B the document itself produced for inspection of the Court ✓
3. C oral description only ✓
4. D hearsay about document ✓

Secondary evidence of document under Article 74 QSO includes

1. A always preferred over original ✓
2. B copies, oral accounts of contents when primary not available lawfully ✓
3. C forged duplicates ✓
4. D rumour about existence ✓

Article 76 QSO permits secondary evidence when

1. A plaintiff prefers copy for convenience always ✓
2. B original is lost, destroyed, in opponent possession not produced after notice, etc. ✓
3. C document is public without certification ✓
4. D witness refuses to speak ✓

Public documents are defined and illustrated under

1. A Article 85 QSO read with Article 86 ✓
2. B Article 30 only ✓
3. C Article 38 ✓
4. D Article 136 ✓

Private documents are those

1. A only forged papers ✓
2. B only electronic records always ✓
3. C only judgments of Supreme Court ✓
4. D other than public documents under Article 86 QSO ✓

Certified copy of public document may be proved under

1. A Article 87 read with Article 88 QSO ✓
2. B Article 38 confession rule ✓
3. C Article 66 character rule ✓
4. D Article 136 leading questions ✓

Proof of signature on document required by law to be attested may be made under

1. A hearsay only always ✓
2. B Article 79 QSO read with Articles 80–82 ✓
3. C police opinion only ✓
4. D no proof ever required ✓

Documentary evidence must as a rule be proved by

1. A primary evidence except when secondary allowed under Article 76 ✓
2. B oral rumour preferred ✓
3. C copy without foundation always ✓
4. D admission of opponent alone never sufficient ✓

Article 75 QSO states documents must be proved by

1. A primary evidence except when secondary evidence is permitted ✓
2. B only witness oath without production ✓
3. C only police report ✓
4. D never in civil court ✓

Burden of proving ownership often falls on

1. A always the possessor never claimant ✓
2. B claimant alleging title under general Article 117–119 scheme ✓
3. C always police ✓
4. D always witness not party ✓

Presumption of legitimacy of child born during lawful wedlock may arise under

1. A Article 38 confession ✓
2. B Article 136 ✓
3. C Article 30 admission only ✓
4. D Article 128 QSO ✓

Court may ask any question to witness under

1. A only at request of prosecution always ✓
2. B Article 165 QSO in order to discover truth ✓
3. C never during cross ✓
4. D only after appeal filed ✓

Refresh memory of witness may be allowed using

1. A leading questions only in chief always ✓
2. B hearsay statement freely ✓
3. C police FIR alone always ✓
4. D document under Article 159 QSO if witness once knew fact though memory deficient ✓

Contradiction of witness by prior statement follows

1. A Article 73 primary evidence only ✓
2. B Article 140 read with Article 145 QSO ✓
3. C Article 112 judicial notice ✓
4. D Article 117 burden only ✓

Expert witness opinion under Article 59 must be based on

1. A speculation without basis ✓
2. B expert knowledge and facts proved or assumed ✓
3. C rumour from third persons only ✓
4. D police theory alone ✓

Proof of handwriting may be by

1. A only oral guess ✓
2. B only police report without comparison ✓
3. C comparing disputed writing with admitted writing under Article 59/94 ✓
4. D only dying declaration ✓

Oral evidence to contradict document varies when

1. A document is proved and terms integrated—parol evidence rule in contract context interacts ✓
2. B always allowed freely to rewrite contract without basis ✓
3. C never in any case ever ✓
4. D only through confession to police ✓

Burden on accused to prove general exception under PPC may shift only after

1. A accused charged regardless of prosecution evidence ✓
2. B plaint filed in civil court ✓
3. C prosecution establishes basic elements—depending on statute and case law ✓
4. D witness sworn in chief only ✓

Affidavit evidence in interlocutory matters is

1. A always replaces all trial evidence ✓
2. B permitted by court rules though oral evidence required for contested trial facts generally ✓
3. C never accepted in any form ✓
4. D only in criminal trial on merits always ✓

Presumption of correctness attaches to certified public documents under

1. A Article 90 QSO subject to rebuttal ✓
2. B Article 38 ✓
3. C Article 66 ✓
4. D Article 136 ✓

Secondary evidence of will may require

1. A no foundation ever ✓
2. B only oral statement of friend ✓
3. C stricter foundation proving loss and due execution depending on circumstances ✓
4. D police confession under Article 38 ✓

Photograph as evidence may be proved by

1. A without any witness identification ever ✓
2. B only if signed by judge ✓
3. C witness who can identify scene/persons and chain of custody where relevant ✓
4. D only through hearsay ✓

Tape recording/electronic evidence admissibility requires

1. A proof of authenticity and integrity under QSO/Cyber provisions as applicable ✓
2. B automatic admissibility without proof ✓
3. C exclusion in all criminal cases ✓
4. D only primary paper document always ✓

Number of witnesses: QSO generally does not fix minimum number for any fact except

1. A two witnesses required for every civil case always ✓
2. B specific statutes may require witnesses for certain offences/documents ✓
3. C no witness ever needed if judge wishes ✓
4. D only police witness sufficient always ✓

Accomplice evidence requires

1. A corroboration in material particulars in criminal cases as cautionary rule ✓
2. B no scrutiny at all ✓
3. C automatic conviction ✓
4. D exclusion always even with corroboration ✓

Dumb witness may give evidence by

1. A not permitted to testify ever ✓
2. B only through police interpreter secretly ✓
3. C writing or signs in open court when intelligible under Article 3 QSO ✓
4. D only in civil cases never criminal ✓

Judicial admissions on record may relieve need for

1. A all proof even of law always ✓
2. B formal proof of admitted facts under Article 113 QSO ✓
3. C proof of foreign law always without expert ✓
4. D proof of signature never ✓

Best evidence rule is primarily codified in QSO under

1. A Article 136 only ✓
2. B Article 38 only ✓
3. C Articles 73–76 for documents and Article 71 for oral direct evidence ✓
4. D Article 112 only ✓

When opponent fails to produce document after notice, secondary evidence may be allowed under

1. A Article 30 without notice ✓
2. B Article 68 character rule ✓
3. C Article 76 read with Article 77 QSO ✓
4. D Article 117 without burden analysis ✓

Examination of witnesses in civil court after framing issues aligns CPC Order XVIII with

1. A QSO Articles 132–138 on examination techniques ✓
2. B Order XXI execution only ✓
3. C section 302 PPC ✓
4. D Article 112 judicial notice list only ✓

Article 129 QSO includes presumptions as to

1. A all criminal guilt automatically ✓
2. B abatement of fire, natural death, and other specified matters ✓
3. C every civil contract validity without proof ✓
4. D foreign law without pleading ✓

Perjury relates to false testimony but competency to testify differs from

1. A guilt determination automatically ✓
2. B document attestation always ✓
3. C compellability and credibility assessment by court ✓
4. D primary evidence rule only ✓

Party to suit may testify on own behalf unless

1. A never permitted in Pakistan ✓
2. B only in criminal cases never civil ✓
3. C otherwise disqualified—generally competent under QSO ✓
4. D only through advocate without oath ✓

Proof of foreign law under Article 59 requires

1. A judicial notice always without proof ✓
2. B police FIR ✓
3. C expert evidence or authoritative texts as court accepts ✓
4. D guess by clerk ✓